Outbreak of monensin poisoning in cattle due to supplementation error

Brito, Eric Saymom Andrade; Andrade, Tainá Gottschalk; Oliveira, Cairo Henrique Sousa de; Moura, Veridiana Maria Brianezi Dignani de

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20190996

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…Monensin poisoning caused degenerative and necrotic changes in the myocardium and skeletal muscles in buffaloes in this study, similar to those reported in other studies with buffaloes (Rozza et al 2006, 2007, Bence et al 2018, Garcia et al 2020) and, cattle (Gava et al 1997, Brito et al 2020, horses (Pavarini et al 2011) and, sheep (Souza et al 2008, given that only in the latter species, cardiac fibrosis has already been described (França et al 2009).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…As for the lesion pattern in other species, Barros (2007) also highlighted that cattle and horses tend to have more marked lesions in the heart. However, this trend was not observed in later outbreaks of monensin poisoning in these species (Pavarini et al 2011, Sousa et al 2019, Brito et al 2020.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Cases of poisoning by IAs have been described in several species, such as horses (Pavarini et al 2011, Sousa et al 2019, cattle (Gava et al 1997, Brito et al 2020, sheep (Souza et al 2008, Rissi & Barros 2010, buffaloes (Rozza et al 2006, Bence et al 2018, Garcia et al 2020, goats (Deljou et al 2014), pigs (Miskimins & Neiger 1996), canines (Segev et al 2004), rabbits (Peixoto et al 2009), chinchillas (Lucena et al 2012), camels (Mousa & El-Hamamsy 2013), collared peccaries (Ribeiro & Santos 2016), and ostriches (Pavarini et al 2011). Poisoning occurs due to accidental consumption of food with IAs, feed contamination, or incorrect use due to an error in either the calculation or the homogenization of the premix to the feed (França et al 2009), by the concomitant use of drugs that potentiate the effects of IAs (Basaraba et al 1999), or when inadvertently supplied to non-target species (Pavarini et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Accidental monensin poisoning in buffaloes in Bahia, Brazil

et al. 2022

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Monensin is an ionophore antibiotic (IA) widely used for growth promotion and weight gain in the production of ruminants. However, it has caused intoxication in several species, including buffaloes, mainly because of the ignorance or disrespect of the recommendations for use in each animal species. The objective of this study was to describe, for the first time, clinical-epidemiological and anatomopathological data of an outbreak of accidental poisoning by monensin in buffalos and rediscuss the recommendation of the use of IA in the production of this species. The outbreak affected 21 adult buffaloes after consumption of remains from a feed formulated on the farm and whose constituents were mixed by hand. Clinical and first death signs were observed 24 hours after ingestion of this food. In general, the clinical picture was characterized by muscle weakness, tremors, difficulty in locomotion, and decubitus. Fifteen buffaloes presented clinical signs of poisoning (71.5% morbidity), followed by death (100% lethality), after acute to subacute evolution (<24h to 96h). Laboratory tests indicated elevated serum activity of creatine phosphokinase and aspartate aminotransferase enzymes. Three buffaloes underwent necropsy, and samples from several organs were collected for histopathological examination. The main injuries found were hyaline degeneration and multifocal segmental necrosis in the skeletal and cardiac striated muscles (myopathy and degenerative-necrotic multifocal multifocal-necrotic cardiopathy). The diagnosis was confirmed by the toxicological evaluation of suspected ration remains, which detected 461.67mg/kg of monensin. The death of 71.5% buffaloes in this lot occurred due to a succession of errors, which included faults in the formulation of the ration and, above all, due to the use of monensin in a highly sensitive species. Despite the possible beneficial effects of IA use as a dietary supplement for buffaloes, we are of the opinion that IAs should never be used in bubalinoculture since any increment in production does not compensate for the imminent risk of death due to a small safety margin for this species and the absence of antidotes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Accidental monensin poisoning in buffaloes in Bahia, Brazil

et al. 2022

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“…Researchers noticed that monensin inhibited the growth of Danio rerio and Daphnia magna . When accidentally ingested monensin over dosage in mammals, such as cattle or pigs, muscle weakness, ataxia, and even death could occur . Similarly, in this work, acute toxicity results showed that monensin had strong toxicity to earthworms.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 56%

Co-exposure of Monensin Increased the Risks of Atrazine to Earthworms

Jiang

Zhai

Liu

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Antibiotics could enter farmlands through sewage irrigation or manure application, causing combined pollution with pesticides. Antibiotics may affect the environmental fate of pesticides and even increase their bioavailability. In this study, the influence of monensin on the degradation, toxicity, and availability of atrazine in soil-earthworm microcosms was investigated. Monensin inhibited the degradation of atrazine, changed the metabolite patterns in soil, and increased the bioavailability of atrazine in earthworms. Atrazine and monensin had a significant synergistic effect on earthworms in the acute toxic test. In long-term toxicity tests, co-exposure of atrazine and monensin also led to worse effects on earthworms including oxidative stress, energy metabolism disruption, and cocoon production compared to single exposure. The expression of tight junction proteins was down-regulated significantly by monensin, indicating that the intestinal barrier of earthworms was weakened, possibly causing the increased bioavailability of atrazine. The expressions of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and reproductive and ontogenetic factors (ANN, TCTP) were all downregulated in binary exposure, indicating that the resilience and cocoon production of earthworms were further weakened under combined pollution. Monensin disturbed the energy metabolism and weakened the intestinal barrier of earthworms. These results showed that monensin increased the risks of atrazine in agricultural areas.

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“…• A consequence of faults in the calculation of doses • Excessive ingestion of ionophores because of inappropriate mixing of the drug with the feed [6] • Administration of ionophores to more susceptible species [7] • The use of ionophores in combination with other drugs enhances their effects [8]. Hence, antioxidant supplementation may mitigate salinomycin-induced toxicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatoprotective and renoprotective effects of silymarin against salinomycin-induced toxicity in adult rabbits

Ghonaim

Hopo²,

Ismail

et al. 2022

Vet World

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Background and Aim: Salinomycin sodium, a licensed coccidiostat in rabbits, is used for fattening at a dose of 20–25 mg/kg. Salinomycin toxicity may arise from many risk factors (e.g., overdosage or use in non-target animal species). Silymarin extracted from milk thistle has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. This study aimed to investigate the adverse impacts of oral administration of salinomycin for 28 consecutive days and how to reduce its risks and side effects by administering silymarin. Materials and Methods: Eighty-four male New Zealand White bucks (1.750–2.000 kg) were randomly divided into seven groups (12 each). Group one was the control. Groups two and three were administered salinomycin orally (doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg ration). Group four was administered salinomycin (20 mg/kg ration) and silymarin (6.5 mg/kg body weight [BW]). Group five received salinomycin (40 mg/kg ration) and silymarin (13 mg/kg BW). Groups six and seven were administered silymarin at doses of 6.5 and 13 mg/kg BW. Rabbits were euthanized and slaughtered on day 29 using the Halal method. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, urea, total proteins, albumin, total cholesterol, and high- and low-density lipoprotein (HDL and LDL) were analyzed in serum. Glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were estimated in the liver. A histopathological investigation was performed on the liver and kidney. Results: The MDA activity, AST, ALT, total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, urea, and creatinine values were significantly elevated in groups two and three. The GSH, catalase, SOD, and HDL were significantly lower in these groups than in the control group. There were moderate pathologic changes in the liver and kidney of the third group . However, the results of the fourth and fifth groups improved more than those of the second and third groups. The results of the sixth and seventh groups were nearly the same as those of the control group. Conclusion: Salinomycin toxicity was caused by oxidative damage because of reactive oxygen species formation. Silymarin (6.5 or 13 mg/kg BW) tends to prevent and treat accidental toxicity. However, the high dose of silymarin (13 mg/kg BW) had more renal and hepatoprotective capacities.

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Outbreak of monensin poisoning in cattle due to supplementation error

Cited by 5 publications

References 9 publications

Accidental monensin poisoning in buffaloes in Bahia, Brazil

Accidental monensin poisoning in buffaloes in Bahia, Brazil

Co-exposure of Monensin Increased the Risks of Atrazine to Earthworms

Hepatoprotective and renoprotective effects of silymarin against salinomycin-induced toxicity in adult rabbits

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