Epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic aspects of sheep conidiobolomycosis in Brazil

Weiblen, Carla; Pereira, Daniela Isabel Brayer; Dutra, Valéria; Godoy, Isabela de; Nakazato, Luciano; Sangioni, Luís Antonio; Santurio, Janio Antonio; Botton, Sônia de Ávila

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20150935

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…In other species (humans, horses, sheep, goats, and dogs), conidiobolomycosis typically presents as rhinofacial or nasopharyngeal lesions ( 4 , 8 , 20 , 21 ). In sheep, as shown in endemically infected populations in Brazil, conidiobolomycosis often results in non-specific clinical signs of malaise, anorexia, weight loss, and serous/mucoid to hemorrhagic nasal discharge ( 7 , 20 , 22 ). Disseminated/systemic conidiobolomycosis is less commonly reported but has been described in humans, sheep, dogs, deer, and pigs ( 5 , 6 , 18 , 21 , 22 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recommendations for fungal culture media for Conidiobolus spp. are Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), potato dextrose agar (PDA), or cornmeal agar, which will typically display growth after 5 days at 37°C ( 7 , 21 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They can also exist as facultative or obligate insect pathogens ( 2 ). Among the genus Conidiobolus, C. coronatus, C. incongruus , and C. lamprauges present as specific species of pathological importance in humans and animals, including dogs, horses, sheep, goats, deer, llamas, pigs, and non-human primates ( 3 – 7 ). Conidiobolus spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Case Report: Pulmonary Conidiobolomycosis in a Vietnamese Pot-Bellied Pig

et al. 2021

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An adult castrated male Vietnamese pot-bellied pig had a 1-week history of acute dyspnea and lethargy. Minimal diagnostic testing was authorized by the owner, resulting in treatment with a third-generation cephalosporin and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Partial improvement was observed after a week; however, the pig died 2 weeks after the initial onset of clinical signs. Macroscopically, ~90% of the left lung was effaced by large masses with a caseonecrotic center. Histologic examination revealed eosinophilic granulomas with myriad, intralesional, negatively staining hyphae highlighted by “sleeves” of hypereosinophilic material (Splendore-Hoeppli material). Infection with an oomycete or “zygomycete” (i.e., organisms of the order Entomophthorales or Mucorales) was initially considered. Pan-fungal PCR and sequencing performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissue identified Conidiobolus spp., consistent with a diagnosis of primary pulmonary conidiobolomycosis. There are only a few reports of infections with Conidiobolus spp. (and other members of the order Entomophthorales) in swine. Unlike humans and other animal species, conidiobolomycosis in pigs presents more commonly as a primary pulmonary disease rather than rhinofacial or nasopharyngeal disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Case Report: Pulmonary Conidiobolomycosis in a Vietnamese Pot-Bellied Pig

et al. 2021

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“…However, fungi do not only affect patients with risk factors. For example, dermatophyte onychomycosis, conidiobolomycosis, basidiobolomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, fungal keratitis, etc., can also occur in patients with apparently normal immunity ( al Jarie et al, 2011 ; Weiblen et al, 2016 ; Lipner and Scher, 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An old confusion: Entomophthoromycosis versus mucormycosis and their main differences

Acosta-España

Voigt

2022

Front. Microbiol.

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Fungal diseases were underestimated for many years. And the global burden of fungal infections is substantial and has increased in recent years. Invasive fungal infections have been linked to several risk factors in humans which basically depend on the individual homeostasis of the patients. However, many fungi can infect even apparently healthy people. Knowledge of these pathogens is critical in reducing or stopping morbidity and/or mortality statistics due to fungal pathogens. Successful therapeutic strategies rely on rapid diagnosis of the causative fungal agent and the underlying disease. However, the terminology of the diseases was updated to existing phylogenetic classifications and led to confusion in the definition of mucormycosis, conidiobolomycosis, and basidiobolomycosis, which were previously grouped under the now-uncommon term zygomycosis. Therefore, the ecological, taxonomic, clinical, and diagnostic differences are addressed to optimize the understanding and definition of these diseases. The term “coenocytic hyphomycosis” is proposed to summarize all fungal infections caused by Mucorales and species of Basidiobolus and Conidiobolus.

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“…The frequency of conidiobolomycosis in Brazil has been reported to have increased from 0.1% in 2012 to 17.2% in 2016, and the reported lethality is always high, often reaching 100% [18]. In Brazil, the disease has been described in the states of Mato Grosso [4,16], Santa Catarina [6], Piauí [15], Pernambuco [8], Paraíba [12], Rio Grande do Sul [9] and Bahia [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conidiobolomycosis in Ovine in Southeast Bahia - Brazil

Silva

Filho

Ribeiro

et al. 2021

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: Conidiobolomycosis is a highly lethal, granulomatous disease that primarily affects the respiratory system of sheep. The etiological agents are fungi of the genus Conidiobolus, including Conidiobolus coronatus, C. incongruus, and C. lamprageus. In Northeast Brazil, this disease is particularly important considering the significant impact sheep and goats have on the regional economy. The present report describes the occurrence of conidiobolomycosis in two sheep from the same property in the Itabuna-BA region that were referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the State University of Santa Cruz, Bahia, Brazil. Case: The primary complaint in both animals was bilateral bloody nasal discharge over a period of approximately 15 days and frequent coughing. On physical examination, the animals exhibited “goosebumps” and opaque hair, with a body score of 1 (scale, 1-5), mild dehydration (7%), apathy, frequent cough with putrid odor, bilateral serosanguinolent nasal discharge, craniofacial asymmetry, expiratory dyspnea, enlargement of the retropharyngeal lymph nodes, audible pulmonary rales, and pain on percussion of the pulmonary field. A therapeutic support protocol was established to stabilize the animals until the results of complete blood count, radiography, and microbiological evaluation of nasal content were available. Definitive diagnosis of disease was made by direct positive mycological examination, that revealed the presence of wide rarely septate hyphae, and isolation and cultivation of the fungus Conidiobolus sp., with microculture on slides and staining with lactophenol blue cotton. Due to disease diagnosis and the severity of injuries observed, the prognoses of both animals were considered to be unfavorable and led to euthanasia and necropsy. At necropsy, the most relevant findings were granulomatous rhinitis with ascending inflammatory processes to the meninges and adjacent structures, in addition to cranioventral areas of pulmonary consolidation with drainage of purulent exudate at the cut surface, suggestive of bronchopneumonia. Histopathology revealed intense pyogranulomatous inflammation associated with the presence of hyphae in negative images within the cytoplasm of multinucleated giant cells in the nasal cavity, lungs, meninges, and brain. Discussion: The association of necropsy findings, histopathological changes, and microbiological isolation of the fungus facilitated understanding of the changes observed in the respiratory system and other organs, and enabled correlation between the recorded lesions and clinical manifestations exhibited by the animals. Based on the lesions observed clinically and at necropsy, both cases were diagnosed with rhinopharyngeal conidiobolomycosis. The histopathological and macroscopic changes observed were similar to what are often described in severe cases of the disease. Considering the severity of the disease and its high lethality in these animals, conidiobolomycosis can lead to significant damage of the production chain; this was observed in the present property, where three animals in a herd of 20 died with signs of the disease, highlighting the importance of the disease, particularly in the Northeast region, where the largest flocks of sheep are found in Brazil. The implementation of prophylactic measures is particularly important considering the unfavorable prognosis and the absence of effective treatments.

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Epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic aspects of sheep conidiobolomycosis in Brazil

Abstract: Conidiobolomycosis is an emerging disease caused by fungi of the cosmopolitan genus Conidiobolus. Particular strains of Conidiobolus coronatus, Conidiobolus incongruus and

Cited by 6 publications

References 36 publications

Case Report: Pulmonary Conidiobolomycosis in a Vietnamese Pot-Bellied Pig

Case Report: Pulmonary Conidiobolomycosis in a Vietnamese Pot-Bellied Pig

An old confusion: Entomophthoromycosis versus mucormycosis and their main differences

Conidiobolomycosis in Ovine in Southeast Bahia - Brazil

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