The effect of ensiling and haymaking on the concentrations of steroidal saponin in two Brachiaria grass species

Lima, Flávia Gontijo de; Lee, Stephen Thomas; Pfister, James A.; Miyagi, Eliane Sayuri; Costa, Gustavo Lage; Silva, Roberta Dias da; Fíoravantí, Maria Clorínda Soares

doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20141305

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…Since making hay reduces protodioscin content [ 29 ], using the grasses in the form of hay could be an alternative in order to avoid saponin toxicosis. Also, it would be interesting to consider the use of other grasses for cattle growing, particularly native grasses previously tested to verify that they do not accumulate saponins or other potentially toxic compounds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Content of the Saponin Protodioscin in Brachiaria spp. from the Eastern Plains of Colombia

Lozano

Martínez

Diaz

2017

Toxins

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Protodioscin is used as a marker of saponin content that could cause hepatotoxicity in ruminants. In Brachiaria spp. from two regions of the Colombian Eastern Plains (east mountain range of the Andean—“piedemonte” and Ariari River Valley) were determined this metabolite at 14 and 28 days post-cutting under different climatic conditions. No protodioscin was detected in B. dictyoneura or B. humidicola. In B. brizantha, B. decumbens and B. ruziziensis x B. decumbens x B. brizantha (hybrid), protodioscin content corresponded to an interaction between species, post-cutting time and season. Concentrations ≥1% (minimum toxic level) were recorded in B. decumbens and the hybrid, and to a lesser extent in B. brizantha. The concentration of protodioscin was higher at 28 days, when the pastures are suitable for consumption. B. brizantha accumulated the lowest saponin concentration, whereas the hybrid had the highest levels, particularly in the “piedemonte” and during drought (3.37%). Dry season favored the protodioscin concentration in B. decumbens (in river valley) and in the hybrid (in “piedemonte”). In the latter, there was a positive correlation with temperature and a negative with humidity, which are typical characteristics of dry periods. This is the first report of protodioscin content in the hybrid.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Content of the Saponin Protodioscin in Brachiaria spp. from the Eastern Plains of Colombia

Lozano

Martínez

Diaz

2017

Toxins

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“…Ferreira et al [134] found a strong relationship between saponin concentration on young leaves and hours of solar radiation. Ensiling B. decumbens has been shown to decrease protodioscin concentrations significantly (2.28 mg/g DM to 0 mg/g DM) over 20 days while conserving B. decumbens as hay only reduced protodioscin concentration by 48% [135]. There is no clear trend in saponin concentration with plant age per se [76,105,122], with higher concentrations found in plant material 60 days of age or younger but almost stable levels over the following 300 days [105,122].…”

Section: Identification and Metabolism Of Toxic Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Signal Grass (Brachiaria decumbens) Toxicity in Grazing Ruminants

Low

2015

Agriculture

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Signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) is a highly productive tropical grass that is widespread through South America, Australia, Indonesia, Vanuatu and Malaysia due to its adaptation to a wide range of soil types and environments. Animal production from these B. decumbens pastures is highly variable due to sporadic outbreaks of photosensitisation associated with low growth rates of young animals, anorexia and wasting. The identification of B. decumbens toxicity through clinical signs may grossly underestimate the impact and severity of the disease. Affected animals without clinical signs have elevated serum liver enzyme concentrations resulting from blockage of the bile ducts by birefringent crystals, identified as calcium salts of steroidal saponins found in leaves and stems. The concentrations of the steroidal saponins vary through the year and within the plant. Young, green leaves contain 5-10 times the saponin concentration of mature leaves indicating that B. decumbens pastures are likely to be more toxic during sprouting and early growth. Previous exposure, selective grazing, and avoiding toxic leaves may partly explain apparent resistance of some animals to B. decumbens toxicity. Further research is needed to define growing conditions that produce elevated saponin levels and to investigate the impact of B. decumbens on rumen function.

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“…Subsequently, it was demonstrated that poisoning in ruminants was caused by steroidal saponins (Brum et al, 2007). Protodioscin, a saponin present in plants of the Brachiaria genus, may cause liver lesion and, subsequently, photosensitization (Riet-Correa et al, 2011, Lima et al, 2015. Leal et al (2020) observed the protodioscin contents of five Brachiaria brizantha cultivars: arapoty, paiaguas, xaraes, and marandu palisadegrass, and piata throughout the year in all seasons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protodioscin Content, Degradation Kinetics, and In Vitro Digestibility of Marandu Palisadegrass Hay as were Affected by Cutting Interval of the Canopy

Coca

Gomes

Junges

et al. 2022

Trop. Anim. Sci. J.

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Even though marandu palisadegrass is widely used in Brazil, the consumption of this forage may cause photosensitization in ruminants due to the protodioscin. This study aimed to recommend a harvest cutting interval for haymaking that provides a better nutritional value and lower levels of protodioscin. The experimental treatments were four cutting intervals (21, 35, 49, and 63 days of regrowth period up to forage harvest). The experimental design was a completely randomized block design with 4 treatments and 4 replications. We assessed the forage production, chemical composition, in vitro digestibility, in vitro degradation kinetics, and protodioscin content. The forage accumulation rate did not differ with the increased cutting interval. The crude protein contents and in vitro digestibility of dry matter decreased linearly with the increased cutting interval in fresh and hay material. The greatest gas production in hay material was occurred in 21 d cutting interval, which was 26%, 14%, and 5% greater than cutting intervals of 63, 49, and 35 d, respectively. A linear increase was observed in protodioscin concentration in hay according to the cutting interval, which in the hay with 63 d cutting interval was 7%, 29%, and 43% greater than hays with cutting interval of 49, 35, and 21 d, respectively. In addition, protodioscin contents were lower in hay compared to fresh material. The haymaking process reduced protodioscin content in relation to forage before haymaking. Our results showed that the better condition to harvest marandu palisadegrass for hay was at 21 d. The better condition to develop a productive canopy is associated with better nutritive value and lower protodioscin content.

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The effect of ensiling and haymaking on the concentrations of steroidal saponin in two Brachiaria grass species

Abstract: Brachiaria (signalgrass) is now the most widely used tropical grass genus in Central and

Cited by 11 publications

References 13 publications

Content of the Saponin Protodioscin in Brachiaria spp. from the Eastern Plains of Colombia

Content of the Saponin Protodioscin in Brachiaria spp. from the Eastern Plains of Colombia

Signal Grass (Brachiaria decumbens) Toxicity in Grazing Ruminants

Protodioscin Content, Degradation Kinetics, and In Vitro Digestibility of Marandu Palisadegrass Hay as were Affected by Cutting Interval of the Canopy

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