Probiotic Administration Increases Mandibular Bone Mineral Density on Rats Exposed to Cigarette Smoke Inhalation

Abstract

Smoking is one of the main risk factor for periodontal disease, increasing its prevalence and severity. Probiotics emerged as an alternative for the prevention and treatment of many diseases, since it can modulate the host immune response and modify the modify the microbiome. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of probiotic administration on the periodontal tissues in rats exposed to cigarette smoke inhalation (CSI). Forty rats were allocated into the following groups (n=10): group C (control, without CSI and probiotic); group PROB (control+probiotic); group CSI (CSI) and group CSI+PROB (CSI+probiotic). Groups PROB and CSI+PROB received 2g of an association of probiotic microorganisms incorporated into the feed during 6 months. Groups CSI and CSI+PROB were exposed to CSI for 60 min daily. After six months all the animals were euthanized and the hemi-mandibles were collected and processed for microcomputed tomography analyses. Regarding the body weight of the animals, feed consumption was similar among the groups, however, after the second month groups C and PROB showed higher body weight gain when compared to groups CSI and CSI+PROB (p<0.05). Group CSI presented reduced bone mineral density (BMD), whereas group PROB showed the highest values (p=0.01). It can be concluded that administration of probiotics promoted an increase in BMD and, consequently, a protective effect on the mandibular bone structures in rats exposed to inhalation of cigarette smoke.

Probiotics as a New Regulator for Bone Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…These different findings might be due to different age, sex, estrogen status, duration of intervention, and sample sizes. In terms of BMD, increased BMD in different sites were reported in previous publications, total [ 34 , 35 , 44 , 51 , 55 ], tibia [ 12 , 30 – 32 , 35 , 54 , 59 ], femur [ 30 , 31 , 49 , 59 ], and calcaneus [ 35 ]. An increase in BMC was also reported in five investigations [ 30 , 31 , 40 , 43 , 57 ].…”

“…The other studies used senescence-accelerated mouse (SAMP) [ 60 , 61 ], virgin fisher rat [ 62 ], and ND4 Swiss Webster retired breeder mice [ 63 ]. Out of 37 studies, 17 publications were performed on male [ 29 , 33 , 35 , 38 , 41 , 45 , 46 , 48 , 49 , 52 – 55 , 60 , 61 , 63 , 64 ], 17 on female [ 30 , 32 , 34 , 36 , 37 , 39 , 40 , 42 , 44 , 50 , 51 , 56 , 57 , 59 , 62 , 65 ], and 3 on both gender [ 28 , 31 , 43 ]. In fourteen investigations, female rats had ovariectomy surgery that induced osteoporosis [ 36 , 37 , 39 , 40 , 42 , 44 , 47 , 51 , 56 , 57 , 59 , 62 , 66 ], and in two studies, diabetic rats were included [ 38 , 45 ].…”

“…In fourteen investigations, female rats had ovariectomy surgery that induced osteoporosis [ 36 , 37 , 39 , 40 , 42 , 44 , 47 , 51 , 56 , 57 , 59 , 62 , 66 ], and in two studies, diabetic rats were included [ 38 , 45 ]. Animals were fed by L. reuteri [ 30 , 31 , 40 , 43 , 45 , 46 , 56 , 57 , 64 ], L. casei [ 34 , 38 – 40 , 51 , 63 ], L. paracasei [ 42 , 44 , 54 , 65 ], L. plantarum [ 42 , 47 , 63 , 65 ] , L. acidophilus [ 40 , 55 , 59 , 67 ] , B. bifidum [ 40 , 53 , 55 , 63 ], B. longum [ 37 , 47 , 52 , 53 ], B. subtilis [ 28 , 29 , 55 ], L. helveticus [ 32 , 37 , 41 ], L. bulgaricus [ 33 , 35 , 63 ], Entrococcos faecium [ 30 , 31 , 55 ], and L. rhamnosus [ 48 , 49 , ...…”

“…Most of them were performed on rats except for four studies performed on chicks and hens [28][29][30][31]. Target species of rats were Sprague-Dawley in 10 studies [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41], C57BL/6J mice in 9 studies [42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50], Wistar rat in 5 studies [51][52][53][54][55], and BALB/c mice in 5 studies [56][57][58][59]. e other studies used senescence-accelerated mouse (SAMP) [60,61], virgin fisher rat [62], and ND4 Swiss Webster retired breeder mice [63].…”

Oral Osteomicrobiology: The Role of Oral Microbiota in Alveolar Bone Homeostasis

“…For example, estrogen depletion and streptozotocin-induced DM promoted more pronounced periodontal tissue deterioration than each did in isolation ( Sasso et al., 2020 ). Probiotic administration has a protective effect on the mandibular bone mineral density in rats exposed to cigarette smoke inhalation ( Levi et al., 2019 ). More studies are needed to determine the mechanisms by which these factors impact oral microbiota-mediated alveolar bone metabolism.…”