Detection of Organochlorine Compounds Formed During the Contact of Sodium Hypochlorite with Dentin and Dental Pulp

Abstract

This study used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to detect the products formed during the contact of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with bovine pulp and dentin. For analysis of the products formed in the volatile phase, 11 mg of bovine pulp tissue were placed in contact with 0.5%, 2.5% and 5.25% NaOCl until complete tissue dissolution occurred. The solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber was exposed inside the container through the cover membrane and immediately injected into the GC-MS system. 30 mg of the of dentin were kept in contact with NaOCl, and then the SPME fiber was exposed inside the container through the cover membrane for adsorption of the products and injected into the GC-MS system. The same protocol was used for the aqueous phase. For analysis of the volatile compounds, the final solution was extracted using pure ethyl ether. The suspended particulate phase of the mixture was aspirated, and ether was separated from the aqueous phase of the solution. The ether containing the products that resulted from the chemical interaction of dentin and pulp with the NaOCl was filtered and then injected into the GC-MS system for analysis of the aqueous phase. The aqueous and volatile phases of both dentin and pulp showed the formation of chloroform, hexachloroethane, dichloromethylbenzene and benzaldehyde. In conclusion, organochlorine compounds are generated during the contact of dentin and pulp with NaOCl at concentrations of 0.5%, 2.5% and 5.25%.

Common Operative Procedural Errors and Clinical Factors Associated with Root Canal Treatment

“…This irrigant solution may cause damage in contact with vital tissues (75,(80)(81)(82)(83). The accidents involving sodium hypochlorite may have some complications: severe pain; ballooning or immediate edema in soft tissue; extension of edema to a large area of the face, like the cheeks; periorbital ecchymosis on skin or mucosa as a result of profuse interstitial bleeding; profuse intraoral bleeding directly from root canal; palate mucosa necrosis; tissue necrosis; neurological complications; paresthesia; allergy; dermatological problems and life-threatening airway obstruction (80)(81)(82)(83).…”

Quantification by SIFT-MS of volatile compounds produced by the action of sodium hypochlorite on a model system of infected root canal content

“…The study by Varise et al . [ 30 ] was the first to report the detection of several volatile organochlorine compounds, following the 15-min interaction of NaOCl with bovine dentine powder and pulp tissue fragments, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The identification of the occurring reactions, the production of DBPs and other organochlorine compounds requires mass- spectrometry based instrumentation.…”

Effects of different peracetic acid formulations on post space radicular dentin

“…The possible presence of this ion in the smear layer of some specimens finally irrigated with peracetic acid solution may be a by-product of the sodium hypochlorite used during the chemicalmechanical preparation of the root canals. 10,13,18 The ability of peracetic acid to clean the dentin surface is satisfactory, regardless of its concentration in the solution, and is similar to that of EDTA. 19,25 In this study, the solution with a low concentration of hydrogen peroxide was more effective at removing the smear layer, suggesting that the presence of residues is directly related to the concentration of hydrogen peroxide present in the solution.…”

“…17,25,29 The highest chlorine concentration was observed in NA, because the solution yields hypochlorous acid and sodium hydroxide. 13,26 Moreover, the peracetic acid solution has no chlorine in its chemical composition. The possible presence of this ion in the smear layer of some specimens finally irrigated with peracetic acid solution may be a by-product of the sodium hypochlorite used during the chemicalmechanical preparation of the root canals.…”

“…completely and interferes with the bonding of fiber posts. [10][11][12][13] Other solutions including chlorhexidine digluconate, phosphoric acid, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) have been proposed to achieve the same goals. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] However, these solutions also have adverse effects and/or limited antimicrobial activity, which makes them less than ideal for irrigating the post space before cementation.…”