Serum Adipokine Levels and their Relationship with Fatty Acids in Patients with Chronic Periodontitis

Abstract

Adipokines are present in inflammatory processes and may be directly related to periodontal disease. Moreover, their activities may be regulated by fatty acids. The goal of this study was to quantify the concentrations of the main adipokines, leptin, adiponectin and resistin, and the docosahexaenoic (DHA), docosapentaenoic (DPA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and arachidonic (AA) fatty acids, in patients with generalized chronic periodontitis. As a secondary objective, the ratios of these substances in the blood of these patients were evaluated. The study included 15 systemically healthy patients with generalized chronic periodontitis (test group) and 15 patients with gingivitis (control group). Medical and periodontal parameters and blood samples were collected. Serum concentrations of fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography and adipokines by multiplex bead immunoassay. There was no significant difference in adipokines between groups. However, there was a tendency for lower values of adiponectin in periodontitis patients. Regarding the fatty acids, they were significantly higher in the test group compared with controls. The res/DHA, res/AA, adipon/DHA, adipon/AA and adipon/DPA ratios were significantly lower in the test group. There was no significant correlation between adipokines and clinical parameters and between adipokines and fatty acids levels. It was concluded that generalized chronic periodontitis patients showed significantly higher levels of fatty acids in comparison to gingivitis; adiponectin revealed a trend to lower values in the periodontitis group, even after Ancova correction. The ratios suggest a minor proportion of adiponectin and resistin in relation to the fatty acids in patients with generalized chronic periodontitis.

Association of circulating leptin and adiponectin with periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Of the 25 included studies, all 16 studies focusing on the difference in serum levels of leptin and/or adiponectin between patients with periodontitis and healthy individuals employed the cross-sectional design [16, 30–32, 40, 41, 44–53]. Besides this, nine clinical trials detecting the serum levels of leptin and adiponectin in patients with periodontitis before and after periodontal treatments were included [28, 29, 39, 54–59].…”

“…Of all these adipokines, leptin and adiponectin have been extensively described because of their critical role in immune response, bone and lipid metabolism, energy expenditure, and insulin sensitivity modulation [14]. Leptin, a 16-kDa nonglycosylated peptide hormone expressed by the obese gene, has been considered to be the most generally studied adipokine [15, 16]. Besides being known as an appetite controller, leptin exerts roles in both systemic and local inflammatory processes [17–20].…”

“…Although multiple studies have been conducted to find the association between periodontitis and serum levels of leptin and adiponectin, the findings were inconsistent [16, 28–32]. Moreover, no meta-analyses have been reported on this issue so far.…”

Role of resistin in chronic periodontitis

“…32 Resistinin enflamasyonda ve enflamasyonla ilgili hastalıklarda kilit rol oynayabileceği gösterilmiştir. 33 Son 10 yılda resistin seviyesinin KP, T2DM ve obezite ile ilişkisini değerlendiren birçok çalışma yapılmıştır [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41] (Tablo 1). Bunların bir kısmında, sadece KP'si olan bireylerde; 34,35 bazılarında ise KP'ye ilave olarak T2DM 36,38 veya obezite 37,39,41 varlığında resistin seviyeleri araştırılmıştır.…”

“…Çalışmaların çoğunda sistemik olarak sağlıklı KP hastalarında serum resistin seviyesinin periodontal olarak sağlıklı bireylere kıyasla daha yüksek olduğu bildirilmiştir. 34,35,39 Ancak KP, gingivitis ve periodontal yönden sağlıklı bireylerin serum resistin seviyelerini benzer bulan bir çalışma da mevcuttur 40 (Tablo 1). Periodontal hastalıkta lokal enflamasyonu göstermede sıklıkla tercih edilen DOS, resistin seviyesinin değerlendi-rilmesinde de kullanılmıştır.…”