The dialectics of new fascism in Greece

Abstract

The success of historical fascism in the particular transitional period at the beginning of the 20th century was grounded in its contribution to the successive acceptance and application of the so-called Fordist model for the organization of labor (accompanied by the correspondent social conditions and relations). Historical fascism contributed thus, with its particular way, to establishing a new class compromise between the potentials related with the productive forces and the confinements emanating from the productive relations. This contribution constitutes the "creativity" of fascism. Such a historical perspective on social processes allows us not to fall into the trap of understanding fascism only as a (barbarian) "deception". Fascism cannot be a plain deception, because a "mere deceit" cannot mobilize people. Fascism takes over, adopts real and unfulfilled needs and hopes - which as such constitute resistance to the capitalist arrogance and logic of commodification of everything - and offers its own (fascist, barbarian) solution or fulfillment. Consequently, our responsibility cannot lie in rejecting these needs and hopes (which are basically needs and hopes for security) because of their distorted or "pervert" articulations. Our responsibility lies in the careful peeling of these hopes/demands from their (fascist) enwrapment. Nationalism (from the subalterns!) does not constitute a mere irrational leftover from the past, but contains potentially mystic and romantic pre- or anti-capitalist elements and references. Nationalism obtains its dynamics and persuasion (for the subalterns!) from and for the contemporary societal processes, thus constituting an active, political and actual demand/position within the restructuring of society - which is in itself a moment in the restructuring of capitalism. Herein also the "rational kernel" of the anti-capitalist antithesis by the New Right is founded as counter position to the "neutral" commodification of everything. This antithesis can of course not be the issue for us the opponents of fascism. The "problem" for us is the fascist perspective in which this antithesis is embedded; the political vision which has recruited the antithesis for confining solidarity only to "our people" and not broadening solidarity towards all people!

Endogrupo versus Exogrupo: o papel da identidade social nas relações intergrupais

“…Como exemplo, o autor cita uma tripulação da força aérea que bombardeia um alvo de população inimiga. Neste caso, o comportamento intergrupo parece conduzir a ação, no entanto, não é provável que aspectos do extremo interpessoal também não estejam presentes (Marvakis, 2015). Para Tajfel (1981), a base dessas distinções entre comportamento interpessoal ou intergrupal, consiste em que no primeiro caso, os indivíduos agem enquanto indivíduos e, no segundo caso, os indivíduos interagem segundo suas pertenças de grupo.…”