“…Since the 1990s, critics have been denouncing fumigation as a major cause of deforestation and massive contamination of people, livestock, wildlife, soil, and water reserves (Hidrovo, 2004;Osorio, 2003;Meneses Cabrera, 2022). Critics also highlight the impact on Indigenous peoples and on campesino populations, since anti-drug harassment, as well as the dispute among drug-trafficking organizations over the control of lands, has been provoking massive human rights violations and population displacement (Carrión Sánchez, 2014;Ruano-Ibarra & Arciniegas Carreño, 2020).…”