Heavy Metals and Micronutrients in the Soil and Grapevine Under Different Irrigation Strategies

Abstract

Soils under natural conditions have heavy metals in variable concentrations and there may be an increase in these elements as a result of the agricultural practices adopted. Transport of heavy metals in soil mainly occurs in forms dissolved in the soil solution or associated with solid particles, water being their main means of transport. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the heavy metal and micronutrient content in the soil and in the grapevine plant and fruit under different irrigation strategies. The experiment was carried out in Petrolina, PE, Brazil. The treatments consisted of three irrigation strategies: full irrigation (FI), regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), and deficit irrigation (DI). During the period of grape maturation, soil samples were collected at the depths of 0-10, 10-20, 20-40, 40-60, and 60-80 cm. In addition, leaves were collected at the time of ripening of the bunches, and berries were collected at harvest. Thus, the heavy metal and micronutrient contents were determined in the soil, leaves, and berries. The heavy metal and micronutrient contents in the soil showed a stochastic pattern in relation to the different irrigation strategies. The different irrigation strategies did not affect the heavy metal and micronutrient contents in the vine leaves, and they were below the contents considered toxic to the plant. In contrast, the greater availability of water in the FI treatment favored a greater Cu content in the grape, which may be a risk to vines, causing instability and turbidity. Thus, adoption of deficit irrigation is recommended so as to avoid compromising the stability of tropical wines of the Brazilian Northeast.

Influence of Irrigation Strategies on the Physicochemical Properties of ‘Syrah’ Wine Produced in São Francisco Valley

“…The content in wine was similar among the evaluated treatments, with means of 0.72 mg L -1 to 0.88 mg L -1 . The Fe content usually varies from 3 mg L -1 to 7 mg L -1 (RIZZON; SALVADOR; MIELE, 2008), which is above the content found in this study, and that can be explained by lower Fe contents in the soil, according to Oliveira et al (2015).…”

“…The Cu content of the wines from the FI treatment were higher than those from RDI treatment, with mean values of 0.32 mg L -1 and 0.13 mg L -1 , respectively. Oliveira et al (2015) also observed higher Cu contents in the berries from FI treatment and attributed this result to the greater availability of water which favored the transport and, consequently, uptake of Cu by the grapevine. Among the micronutrients, Cu is one of the least mobile in the soil due to its strong adsorption on the organic and inorganic colloids of the soil, and diffusion is one of the main means of transport of this element (SILVA; MENDONÇA, 2007).…”

Field study of irrigation strategies with treated wastewater and saline water on heavy metal accumulation in barley grain

“…For example, similar to the current study, Lal et al (2013) concluded lower uptake of Pb and Cr by plant under deficit irrigation due to the reduced discharge of heavy metals into the soil, which subsequently decreased their contents in the soil and limited their bio‐availability for the uptake. However, Oliveira et al (2015) discussed the possibility of higher metal uptake by plants due to the root growth and expansion in search of water under water stress. Some researchers stated higher heavy metal uptake by plants at higher soil moisture due to the increase in biomass of plants (Mirzaei et al, 2020; Onder et al, 2016).…”

“…Some researchers stated that the divergent behavior observed in metal uptake by plants could be attributed to the interaction among elements, such as the interaction between Zn and metals of Fe and Cu, which regulated their amounts in the plant organs (Singh et al, 2020; Zhao et al, 2011). From another perspective, Fe is transported through the soil via mass flow, whereas Zn moves through diffusive flow; as well as Cu is less active in the soil, and Cr and Pb are less mobile in the plant, due to their specific physico‐chemical properties (Oliveira et al, 2015; Pulford & Watson, 2003; Silva & Mendonça, 2007; Tőzsér et al, 2023). These findings confirm the dual behavior of elements in their absorption by plants under different conditions.…”

Assessment of certain micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Ni, and Se) in some herbal snuff stocks consumed in Sokoto, Nigeria

“…Nevertheless, micronutrients elements (such as zinc, selenium, and nickel) found their ways into plants/ herbs stocks because they possess the propensity to accumulate in soils through agricultural, industrial, or other anthropogenic interventions (Duruibe et al, 2007;Benson et al, 2017;Dahlawi et al, 2021;Witlowska et al, 2021). After accumulation in soils, they are absorbed by plants and be translocated to edible parts utilized for making herbal medicines or foods, therefore passing through the food chain as well (Oliveira et al, 2015;Suosa et al, 2019;Yahaya et al, 2019). Micronutrients such as zinc, iron, nickel, and selenium with density above 6 kgdm -3 are regarded as heavy metals and are of concern when consumed in certain excess amounts (Oliveira et al, 2015).…”