Origin, tempo, and mode of the spread of DENV-4 Genotype IIB across the state of São Paulo, Brazil during the 2012-2013 outbreak

Abstract

BACKGROUND Dengue virus type 4 (DENV-4) was first reported in Brazil in 1982 and since then no more cases were detected again in Brazil until 2010, when the virus was reintroduced. Over the following years, the virus spread to several Brazilian states and resulted in about 1,400,000 dengue cases, in 2013. The largest number of cases were documented in the Southeast macro-region.OBJECTIVES To determine the phylogeography of DENV-4 Genotype IIB strains isolated during the epidemics in 2012-2013 in São Paulo, Brazil, we aimed to contextualise the contribution of viruses sampled in different localities across the overall movement of DENV-4 in Brazil.METHODS Based on the envelope gene sequences retrieved from GenBank, we employed a Bayesian phylogeographic approach to assess the spatiotemporal dynamics of DENV-4 Genotype IIB in São Paulo, Brazil.FINDINGS The dispersal dynamics of DENV-4 Genotype IIB in Brazil indicated Rio de Janeiro and Mato Grosso states as the most likely routes toward São Paulo before the 2012-2013 outbreak. Likewise, Guarujá and São José do Rio Preto facilitated viral spread and transmission to other localities in the South and Southeast macro-regions in Brazil.CONCLUSIONS The spread pattern of DENV-4 Genotype IIB strains across the country supports two independent introductions of the virus in São Paulo in a short period of time. Furthermore, São Paulo appears to have played a pivotal role in the dissemination of DENV-4 to other locations in Brazil.

Origin and Spread of the Dengue Virus Type 1, Genotype V in Senegal, 2015–2019

“…The global expansion and recent DENV outbreaks around the world are likely a result of anthropogenic degradation, including unplanned urbanization causing local environmental changes that are resulting in the persistence of the main vector in tropical and subtropical areas [ 2 ]. With increasing vector infestation levels, the movement of symptomatic patients, asymptomatic patients and infected vectors may promote the spread of the virus to other localities and ultimately pose a significant risk of its continuous dissemination [ 10 , 47 ]. The increase of DENV activity in Medina Gounass, located in the capital, Dakar, where major financial and administrative activities take place, as well as the increased number of dengue outbreaks in Senegal are clear indications of a serious public health threat with a great potential for economic and public health impacts.…”

“…Its genome has a single open reading frame encoding for three structural proteins (capsid (C), membrane (M) and envelope (E)) and seven non-structural (NS) proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B and NS5) [ 6 ]. Dengue viruses have four antigenically and genetically distinct serotypes, sharing around 65% of genome similarity [ 7 ], subsequently subdivided into distinct genotypes [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Dengue virus infection has diverse clinical manifestations, which range from asymptomatic illness to hemorrhagic fever that can culminate in death [ 11 ].…”

Genomic detection of a virus lineage replacement event of dengue virus serotype 2 in Brazil, 2019

“…(16) São Paulo state is the most highly densely populated state and the main socio-economic hub in Brazil; previous studies suggest the state was an important source location for the spread of DENV4 in the country. (17) Here, we characterise the genetic diversity of circulating DENV in two municipalities of São Paulo State. We generated virus genome sequences from the ongoing outbreak using a well-established portable genomic approach.…”

Epidemiological Profile of Dengue in Senador Canedo -Goiás, Brazil

“…Sabemos que é de suma importância conhecer o sorotipo circulante em determinada região ou município, pois algumas variantes genéticas em cada sorotipo parecem ser mais virulentas ou ter maior potencial epidêmico. Além disso, a circulação simultânea de diferentes sorotipos demonstra que infecções sucessivas aumentam o aparecimento de formas clínicas mais graves da doença (MIAGOSTOVICH, 2001;ORTIZ-BAEZ et al, 2019;JESUS et al, 2020).…”