Metabolic disorders and cardiovascular risk in people living with HIV/AIDS without the use of antiretroviral therapy

Raposo, Mariana Amaral; Armiliato, Geyza Nogueira de Almeida; Guimarães, Nathália Sernizon; Caram, Camila; Silveira, Raíssa Domingues de Simoni; Tupinambás, Unaí

doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0258-2017

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…For example, one in ve men living with HIV reported being unable to re ll or access their HIV treatment medication during COVID-19, with those who lack health insurance, identi ed as being part of a racial minority, reported immigrant backgrounds, and engaged in sex work being disproportionately affected. For those without insurance, lack of access to healthcare for other chronic health conditions (e.g., diabetes, hypertension) may also presents a potential double jeopardy for participants with disrupted HIV care and treatment (45)(46)(47). As mentioned above, men living with HIV reported greater anticipated reductions in income as a result of the slowing of the economy and job loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic, Mental Health, HIV Prevention and HIV Treatment Impacts of COVID-19 and the COVID-19 response on a Global Sample of Cisgender Gay Men and Other Men who have sex with Men

Santos

Ackerman

Rao

et al. 2020

Preprint

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There is an urgent need to measure the impacts of COVID-19 among gay men and other men who have sex with men (MSM). We conducted a cross-sectional survey with a global sample of gay men and other MSM (n= 2732) from April 16, 2020 to May 4, 2020, through a social networking app. We characterized the economic, mental health, HIV prevention and HIV treatment impacts of COVID-19 and the COVID-19 response, and examined whether subgroups of our study population are disproportionately impacted by COVID-19. Many men not only reported economic and mental health consequences, but also interruptions to HIV prevention and testing, and HIV care and treatment services. Consequences were significantly greater among people living with HIV, racial/ethnic minorities, immigrants, sex workers, and socio-economically disadvantaged groups. Findings underscore the crucial need to mitigate the multifaceted impacts of COVID-19 among gay men and other MSM, especially for those with intersecting vulnerabilities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic, Mental Health, HIV Prevention and HIV Treatment Impacts of COVID-19 and the COVID-19 response on a Global Sample of Cisgender Gay Men and Other Men who have sex with Men

Santos

Ackerman

Rao

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Untreated PLWH are at high risk of developing MetS not only because of HIV but also because their lifestyle (cigarette smoking, heavy alcohol use, physical activity, and poor diet), while PLWH under ART present higher risk of developing dyslipidemia and CVDs [8]. The same results were obtained in PLWH under ART who developed dyslipidemia, hypertension, and abnormalities in body fat distribution (lipodystrophy), compared to ART naïve individuals [110].…”

Section: Non-aids Co-morbidities In Plwhmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…This immunological status increases the risk for PLWH to develop non AIDS-related co-morbidities generally associated with immunosenescence, commonly observed in the elderly [6]. Furthermore, HIV infection and long-term ART have been associated with the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) [7,8], which is a combination of metabolic disorders that includes hypertension, hyperglycemia, changes in fat distribution, increase of cholesterol low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides, a and reduced level of cholesterol high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and may lead to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as heart disease, stroke, and diabetes [8,9,10]. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the most recent findings on the correlation between HIV and inflammation linked to immune activation and non-AIDS co-morbidities associated with metabolic complications in PLWH.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Activation, Inflammation, and Non-AIDS Co-Morbidities in HIV-Infected Patients under Long-Term ART

Zicari

Sessa

Cotugno

et al. 2019

Viruses

270

192

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Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH) still present persistent chronic immune activation and inflammation. This condition is the result of several factors including thymic dysfunction, persistent antigen stimulation due to low residual viremia, microbial translocation and dysbiosis, caused by the disruption of the gut mucosa, co-infections, and cumulative ART toxicity. All of these factors can create a vicious cycle that does not allow the full control of immune activation and inflammation, leading to an increased risk of developing non-AIDS co-morbidities such as metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. This review aims to provide an overview of the most recent data about HIV-associated inflammation and chronic immune exhaustion in PLWH under effective ART. Furthermore, we discuss new therapy approaches that are currently being tested to reduce the risk of developing inflammation, ART toxicity, and non-AIDS co-morbidities.

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“…ART has been a great improvement for the survival of these patients [2], but this therapy is also associated with some adverse metabolic effects as well [12][13][14]. HIV itself may be related to metabolic effects as well [6][7][8]. Besides, we already know that metabolic disorders can increase the risk of CVD, which is the most common cause of mortality worldwide, according to WHO [4,36].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Raposo et al conducted a cross-sectional study in Brazil to find any association between HIV and MS in ART-naive adults. They suggest that HIV increases the risk of MS regardless of ART, and impaired plasma glucose is significantly associated with the presence of MS (p < 0.05) [8].…”

Section: Dysglycemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV, Antiretroviral Therapy and Metabolic Alterations: A Review

Ergin¹,

Inga²,

Maung³

et al. 2020

Cureus

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The introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has caused some metabolic problems to people who suffer from HIV. ART probably is not the sole reason for these metabolic disorders. Most likely, HIV itself affects the metabolism as well. We conducted research to find the prevalence of the different types of metabolic disorders among HIV(+) patients. Female gender, high BMI, and older age are among the risk factors for the occurrence of metabolic disorders. Regarding dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are the most common types of dyslipidemia in the studies we included. Protease inhibitors (PIs) are widely known as the most common class of antiretroviral drugs that cause metabolic disorders, and some studies in our review also demonstrated this knowledge. In our review, we concluded that HIV and ART concurrently alter the metabolism, but further research is required about this substantial topic.

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Metabolic disorders and cardiovascular risk in people living with HIV/AIDS without the use of antiretroviral therapy

Cited by 23 publications

References 25 publications

Economic, Mental Health, HIV Prevention and HIV Treatment Impacts of COVID-19 and the COVID-19 response on a Global Sample of Cisgender Gay Men and Other Men who have sex with Men

Economic, Mental Health, HIV Prevention and HIV Treatment Impacts of COVID-19 and the COVID-19 response on a Global Sample of Cisgender Gay Men and Other Men who have sex with Men

Immune Activation, Inflammation, and Non-AIDS Co-Morbidities in HIV-Infected Patients under Long-Term ART

HIV, Antiretroviral Therapy and Metabolic Alterations: A Review

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