Interactive Theory of Breastfeeding: creation and application of a middle-range theory

Abstract

Objective: To describe a breastfeeding theory based on King's Conceptual System. Method: Theoretical study that used analysis of concept, assertion synthesis, and derivation of theory for the creation of a new theory. Results: King's system components were associated with elements of the breastfeeding process and a middle-range theory was created, which describes, explains, predicts, and prescribes breastfeeding by analyzing factors that precede and affect it, as well as their consequences on the breastfeeding process. Conclusion: The Breastfeeding Interactive Model is abstract enough to be applied in different social, cultural, political, and economic contexts, because it conceptualizes breastfeeding in systemic, dynamic, and procedural aspects. Based on a conceptual model of nursing, it contributes to the scientific construction of the subject; however it can also potentially be applied by other professionals involved in breastfeeding assistance. Descriptors: Nursing Theory, Breastfeeding; Mother-Child Relations; Weaning; Women's Health; Child Health. RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever uma teoria de amamentação baseada no Modelo Conceitual de Sistemas Abertos de Imogene King. Método: Estudo teórico, que utilizou análise de conceito, síntese de afirmação e derivação de teoria para a elaboração da teoria. Resultados: Articularam-se os componentes do Modelo de King com os elementos do processo de amamentação e elaborou-se uma teoria de médio alcance, que descreve, explica, prediz e prescreve a amamentação, examinando os fatores que antecedem e influenciam, bem como as consequências no processo de amamentar. Conclusão: A Teoria Interativa de Amamentação é abstrata o suficiente para ser aplicada nos diferentes contextos sociais, culturais, políticos e econômicos, pois conceitua a amamentação na dimensão sistêmica, dinâmica e processual. Sua base em um modelo conceitual de Enfermagem contribui para a construção da ciência na disciplina, contudo tem potencial para aplicação por outros profissionais envolvidos na assistência à amamentação. Descritores: Teoria de Enfermagem; Aleitamento Materno; Relações Mãe-Filho; Desmame; Saúde da Mulher; Saúde da Criança. RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir una teoría de lactancia basada en el Modelo Conceptual de Sistemas Abiertos de Imogene King. Método: Estudio teórico, que utilizó análisis de concepto, síntesis de afirmación y derivación de teoría para la elaboración de la teoría. Resultados: Se articularon los componentes del Modelo de King con los elementos del proceso de lactancia, elaborándose una teoría de mediano alcance que describe, explica, predice y prescribe la lactancia, examinando los factores antecedentes con influencia. Así como las consecuencias del proceso de lactancia. Conclusión: La Teoría Interactiva de Lactancia es lo suficientemente abstracta como para aplicarla en los diferentes contextos sociales, culturales, políticos y económicos, pues conceptualiza la lactancia en su dimensión sistémica, dinámica y procesual. Su base en un modelo conceptual de Enfermería cont...

Experiência de amamentação de mulheres após mamoplastia

“…Their breasts presented characteristics and functions that limited breastfeeding such as a reduced amount of ducts, even though the residual mammary glands are active and functioning. Lactation occurs at cellular, molecular and behavioral levels, including the anatomy of the woman's breasts, breast milk production and the anatomy and physiology of the stomatognathic system in newborns (9) . Thus, the lactation process is essential for breastfeeding, ensuring the means for women to provide human milk to the child, regardless of whether she is in the immediate or late postpartum period.…”

“…In the relational assertions of the Interactive Theory of Breastfeeding, its relational proposition fulfills its descriptive and explanatory role, considering that the biological conditions of the woman interfere in the mother-child interaction dynamic, the mother's role and the woman's decision-making (9) . This seems to explain the findings of this study, which found that the biological conditions preceded successful and unsuccessful outcomes regarding exclusive breastfeeding.…”

“…Two propositions of the Interactive Theory of Breastfeeding apply to this situation: If breastfeeding succeeds, there will be satisfaction and The transactional achievement of breastfeeding reduces the stress of both mother and child. The conceptual framework of the theory positions the biological conditions of the woman and the child, the woman's perception of the child and her decision-making, with all of these elements on the same level encompassing breastfeeding as a dynamic mother-child interaction (9) . The maternal role, a more external element of the conceptual framework of the theory, relates to aspects transmitted from mother to daughter.…”

“…In the Interactive Breastfeeding Theory, the concept of decision making is derived from the Imogene King Conceptual Model, which understands it as a process in which "individuals or groups make a choice between alternatives to achieve the proposed objectives" (9) . Unlike most women, participants' choices were limited to the type of resource to be used in complementary nutrition.…”

“…In addition, it incorporates elements that may facilitate a description of the breastfeeding experience among women who underwent mammoplasty, among them: biological conditions; the maternal role; the organizational systems for protecting, promoting and supporting; and women's decision-making. By recognizing that successful breastfeeding requires adequate biological and maternal conditions for the mother and the child such as anatomy of the woman's breasts, milk production, anatomy and physiology of the child's stomatognathic system, the Interactive Theory of Breastfeeding can contribute to understand the present qualitative study (9) . This is a descriptive study carried out in a University Hospital in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil.…”