Gender-related differences in the modulation of anthropometric, biochemical, and immune markers by physical activity in hypertensive and diabetic individuals

Abstract

Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compose the two major noncommunicable chronic infl ammatory diseases. Physical activity has been shown as a promising complementary approach to control the systemic infl ammation. However, it is still unclear whether this modulation is genderdependent. The objective of this study was evaluate the gender-related infl uence of physical activity on the infl ammatory response and biochemical profi le of individuals with SAH and T2DM. An international physical activity questionnaire was applied to 376 individuals diagnosed with SAH and T2DM in order to access their exercises routine and was evaluated the infl uence of physical activity in biochemical, anthropometrical, and immunological markers involved in these disorders in men and women. Even though active individuals have exhibited lower serum levels of IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17A, the ratios between IL-10 and all infl ammatory cytokines were higher in men than in women. Physically active individuals also demonstrated increased HDL/LDL and HDL/ VLDL ratios. Moreover, multiple correlations revealed that in active women both IL-10 and TNF-α serum levels positively correlate with fasting glucose levels, and were negatively associated with HDL levels. Our fi ndings suggest that gender-related differences dictate a distinct crosstalk between infl ammatory and biochemical markers in physically active individuals.

Expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in Peripheral Blood of Patients with T2DM Retinopathy

“…First, TNF- α is involved in developing insulin resistance and promotes the progression of T2DM and its complications [ 19 ]. TNF- α induces activation of the NFL pathway by acting on receptors on vascular epithelial cells, causing the appearance of retinal vascular cells, increasing vascular permeability, stimulating the proliferation of additional vascular stromal and vascular cells, and promoting binocular normalization [ 20 ]. TNF- α can also increase the activity of eyeglasses and promote abnormal expression of adhesion factors, which enhances the local adhesion and aggregation of inflammatory cells and releases radioactive mediators in the retina, stimulating the local inflammatory response to form a vicious circle [ 21 ].…”