The re-emergency and persistence of vaccine preventable diseases

Borba, Rodrigo; Vidal, Vinícius Mendes; Moreira, Lilian O.

doi:10.1590/0001-3765201520140663

Cited by 29 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 61 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…In the era of MTCT elimination with widely accessible antiretroviral therapy for HIV infected pregnant women, our findings are important for the growing population of HIV exposed uninfected (HEU) infants. These infants are a vulnerable subgroup in light of the re-emergence of vaccine preventable infections to which these children are particularly at risk [42, 43] . Maternal vaccination to protect the infant in the first few months of life is an important strategy that has been used successfully for tetanus [44] and would be especially useful in these infants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher Transplacental Pathogen-Specific Antibody Transfer Among Pregnant Women Randomized to Triple Antiretroviral Treatment Versus Short Course Zidovudine

Bosire¹,

Farquhar²,

Nduati

et al. 2018

Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher Transplacental Pathogen-Specific Antibody Transfer Among Pregnant Women Randomized to Triple Antiretroviral Treatment Versus Short Course Zidovudine

Bosire¹,

Farquhar²,

Nduati

et al. 2018

Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal

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“…In such situations, vaccine preventable diseases may spread from areas where they are still endemic and vaccinations, which have been shown to be a very important public health achievement, need to be reinforced. In Europe, vaccination has greatly reduced many infectious diseases, including diphtheria [ 19 , 20 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A case of respiratory toxigenic diphtheria: contact tracing results and considerations following a 30-year disease-free interval, Catalonia, Spain, 2015

et al. 2018

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In May 2015, following a 30-year diphtheria-free interval in Catalonia, an unvaccinated 6-year-old child was diagnosed with diphtheria caused by toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae. After a difficult search for equine-derived diphtheria antitoxin (DAT), the child received the DAT 4 days later but died at the end of June. Two hundred and seventeen contacts were identified in relation to the index case, and their vaccination statuses were analysed, updated and completed. Of these, 140 contacts underwent physical examination and throat swabs were taken from them for analysis. Results were positive for toxigenic C. diphtheriae in 10 contacts; nine were asymptomatic vaccinated children who had been in contact with the index case and one was a parent of one of the nine children. Active surveillance of the 217 contacts was initiated by healthcare workers from hospitals and primary healthcare centres, together with public health epidemiological support. Lack of availability of DAT was an issue in our case. Such lack could be circumvented by the implementation of an international fast-track procedure to obtain it in a timely manner. Maintaining primary vaccination coverage for children and increasing booster-dose immunisation against diphtheria in the adult population is of key importance.

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“…At 18 weeks of age, HIV+/ART- infants demonstrated significantly lower immune responses compared to HU and HIV+/ART+ infants, highlighting the benefits of early ART. Adequate immunity to polio is essential to eliminate the risk of re-emergence of disease and/or prolonged circulation of polioviruses [45–47]. The sero-protection rates amongst HIV+/ART- infants at 18 weeks of age is likely to decline if ART is not initiated and maintained, as a result of continuous deterioration of immune responses in these individuals coupled with declining maternal antibodies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of HIV-exposure and timing of anti-retroviral treatment on immunogenicity of trivalent live-attenuated polio vaccine in infants

2019

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Introduction The prevalence of HIV infection in South African pregnant women has been approximately 30% over the past decade; however, there has been a steady decline in mother-to-child transmission of HIV from 8% in 2008 to <2% in 2015. We evaluated the immunogenicity of live-attenuated trivalent oral polio vaccine (OPV) following the primary vaccination series (doses at birth, 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age) in HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU), HIV-infected infants initiated on early anti-retroviral treatment (HIV+/ART+), HIV-infected infants on deferred ART (HIV+/ART-) and HIV-unexposed infants (HU) as the referent group. Methods Serum polio neutralization antibody titres were evaluated to serotype-1, serotype-2 and serotype-3 at 6, 10 and 18 weeks of age. Antibody titres ≥8 were considered seropositive and sero-protective. Results At 18 weeks of age, following the complete primary series of four OPV doses, no differences in GMTs, percentage of infants with sero-protective titres and median fold change in antibody titre (18 weeks vs 6 weeks) were observed in HEU infants (n = 114) and HIV+/ART+ infants (n = 162) compared to HU infants (n = 104) for the three polio serotypes. However, comparing HIV+/ART- infants (n = 70) to HU infants at 18 weeks of age, we observed significantly lower GMTs for serotype-1 (p = 0.022), serotype-2 (p<0.001) and serotype-3 (p<0.001), significantly lower percentages of infants with sero-protective titres for the three serotypes (p<0.001), and significantly lower median fold change in antibody titre for serotype-1 (p = 0.048), serotype-2 (p = 0.003) and serotype-3 (p = 0.008). Conclusion Delaying initiation of ART in HIV-infected infants was associated with an attenuated immune response to OPV following a four-dose primary series of vaccines, whereas immune responses to OPV in HIV-infected children initiated on ART early in infancy and HEU children were similar to HU infants.

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The re-emergency and persistence of vaccine preventable diseases

Cited by 29 publications

References 61 publications

Higher Transplacental Pathogen-Specific Antibody Transfer Among Pregnant Women Randomized to Triple Antiretroviral Treatment Versus Short Course Zidovudine

Higher Transplacental Pathogen-Specific Antibody Transfer Among Pregnant Women Randomized to Triple Antiretroviral Treatment Versus Short Course Zidovudine

A case of respiratory toxigenic diphtheria: contact tracing results and considerations following a 30-year disease-free interval, Catalonia, Spain, 2015

Effect of HIV-exposure and timing of anti-retroviral treatment on immunogenicity of trivalent live-attenuated polio vaccine in infants

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