Clothing prevents ultraviolet-B radiation-dependent photosynthesis of vitamin D3.

Matsuoka, Lois Y.; Wortsman, Jacobo; Dannenberg, M. J.; Hollis, Bruce W.; Zhang, Lu; Holick, M. F.

doi:10.1210/jcem.75.4.1328275

Cited by 77 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…It is well established that the photochemical conversion of vitamin D in the skin by u.v. B rays is almost completely inhibited by clothing (14). Moreover, the children of African origin all came from countries where the native population has dark colored skin, which demands up to six times larger dose of u.v.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence and prevalence of nutritional and hereditary rickets in southern Denmark

Beck-Nielsen

Brock-Jacobsen²,

Gram

et al. 2009

European Journal of Endocrinology

231

149

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Objective: To estimate the incidence of nutritional rickets and the incidence and prevalence of hereditary rickets. Design: Population-based retrospective cohort study based on a review of medical records. Methods: Patients aged 0-14.9 years referred to or discharged from hospitals in southern Denmark from 1985 to 2005 with a diagnosis of rickets were identified by register search, and their medical records were retrieved. Patients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of primary rickets were included. Results: We identified 112 patients with nutritional rickets of whom 74% were immigrants. From 1995 to 2005, the average incidence of nutritional rickets in children aged 0-14.9 and 0-2.9 years was 2.9 and 5.8 per 100 000 per year respectively. Among immigrant children born in Denmark, the average incidence was 60 (0-14.9 years) per 100 000 per year. Ethnic Danish children were only diagnosed in early childhood and the average incidence in the age group 0-2.9 years declined from 5.0 to 2.0 per 100 000 per year during 1985-1994 to 1995-2005. Sixteen cases of hereditary rickets were diagnosed during the study period giving an average incidence of 4.3 per 100 000 (0-0.9 years) per year. The prevalence of hypophosphatemic rickets and vitamin D-dependent rickets type 1 was 4.8 and 0.4 per 100 000 (0-14.9 years) respectively. Conclusions: Nutritional rickets is rare in southern Denmark and largely restricted to immigrants, but the incidence among ethnic Danish children was unexpectedly high. Hereditary rickets is the most common cause of rickets in ethnic Danish children, but nutritional rickets is most frequent among all young children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence and prevalence of nutritional and hereditary rickets in southern Denmark

Beck-Nielsen

Brock-Jacobsen²,

Gram

et al. 2009

European Journal of Endocrinology

231

149

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“…This reduction cannot be explained by the decrease in mass of the epidermis with ageing, but rather seems to be related to the reduction in the concentration of skin 7-dehydrocholesterol. Other indirect factors that affect exposure to sunlight in older adults include the wearing of more concealing clothing (48) , an increased use of sunscreen (49) and reduced sun exposure, arising from less physical activity and time outdoors compared with the younger age groups (50) .…”

Section: Dermal Vitamin D Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D and bone health outcomes in older age

2013

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The aim of this review is to summarise the evidence linking vitamin D to bone health outcomes in older adults. A plethora of scientific evidence globally suggests that large proportions of people have vitamin D deficiency and are not meeting recommended intakes. Older adults are at particular risk of the consequences of vitamin D deficiency owing to a combination of physiological and behavioural factors. Epidemiological studies show that low vitamin D status is associated with a variety of negative skeletal consequences in older adults including osteomalacia, reduced bone mineral density, impaired Ca absorption and secondary hyperparathyroidism. There seems to be inconsistent evidence for a protective role of vitamin D supplementation alone on bone mass. However, it is generally accepted that vitamin D (17 . 5 mg/ d) in combination with Ca (1200 mg/d) reduces bone loss among older white subjects. Evidence for a benefit of vitamin D supplementation alone on reducing fracture risk is varied. According to a recent Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality review in the USA the evidence base shows mixed results for a beneficial effect of vitamin D on decreasing overall fracture risk. Limitations such as poor compliance with treatment, incomplete assessment of vitamin D status and large drop-out rates however, have been highlighted within some studies. In conclusion, it is generally accepted that vitamin D in combination with Ca reduces the risk of non-vertebral fractures particularly those in institutional care. The lack of data on vitamin D and bone health outcomes in certain population groups such as diverse racial groups warrants attention. 25-hydroxyvitamin D: Vitamin D requirements: Older age: Bone mineral density: FracturesOsteoporosis is a condition characterised by a low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone with a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. In the UK, it is estimated that 3 million people are affected with osteoporosis. Furthermore, one in two British women and one in five British men aged > 50 years will experience an osteoporotic fracture in their lifetime with the estimated costs in the UK being about £1 . 7 billion annually. In the European Union, it has been estimated that previous and incident fractures accounted for 1 180 000 quality-adjusted life years lost during 2010 (1) . Furthermore, with an ageing population, the costs associated with treating osteoporosis in the EU are expected to increase by 25% in 2025(1) . Bone is a dynamic tissue that responds to the external and internal environments to which it is exposed during an individual's lifetime. While a considerable proportion (up to 70%) of the inter-individual variation in bone mass is genetically determined, lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise are well established modifiable factors of bone mass. Bone turnover is important for the self-repair of skeletal tissue (2) as well as maintaining mineral homoeostasis (e.g. Ca and P) and the balance between the rate of bone formation ...

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“…However, studies in other regions of the world located at low latitude, such as the Middle East, have also shown a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, ranging from 50 to 97%. These findings have been explained as being mostly due to the customary clothing that covers almost the entire body (13,14). In countries that are exposed to sunlight directly and where the body is not covered entirely, such as the European countries bordering the Mediterranean, the levels of vitamin D can still be low as showed in the Euronut SENECA study (15) carried out among elderly Europeans.…”

Section: Sunlight Exposure and Vitamin D Deficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D deficiency: a global perspective

Bandeira

Griz

Dreyer

et al. 2006

Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab

132

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Vitamin D is essential for the maintenance of good health. Its sources can be skin production and diet intake. Most humans depend on sunlight exposure (UVB 290-315 nm) to satisfy their requirements for vitamin D. Solar ultraviolet B photons are absorbed by the skin, leading to transformation of 7-dehydrocholesterol into vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). Season, latitude, time of day, skin pigmentation, aging, sunscreen use, all influence the cutaneous production of vitamin D3. Vitamin D deficiency not only causes rickets among children but also precipitates and exacerbates osteoporosis among adults and causes the painful bone disease osteomalacia. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with increased risk for other morbidities such as cardiovascular disease, type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and cancer, especially of the colon and prostate. The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D is considerable even in low latitudes and should be taken into account in the evaluation of postmenopausal and male osteoporosis. Although severe vitamin D deficiency leading to rickets or osteomalacia is rare in Brazil, there is accumulating evidence of the frequent occurrence of subclinical vitamin D deficiency, especially in elderly people. RESUMO Deficiência de Vitamina D: Uma Perspectiva Global.A vitamina D é essencial para a manutenção da saúde. A sua fonte principal é a pele ou pode ser ingerida com a dieta. A maioria dos seres humanos depende da exposição solar para adquirir quantidades suficientes de vitamina D. A radiação ultravioleta tipo B transforma o 7-dehidrocolesterol em vitamina D3 (colecalciferol). A época do ano, latitude, pigmentação da pele, idade e uso de filtros solares são fatores que influenciam a produção cutânea. Deficiência de vitamina D pode causar raquitismo e osteomalacia, exacerbar a perda óssea na osteoporose, como também pode associar-se a várias morbidades como doenças cardiovasculares, diabetes mellitus tipo 1 e 2, câncer de prós-tata e de intestino grosso. A prevalência de hipovitaminose D tem sido relatada com grande freqüência mesmo em regiões de baixa latitude e deve ser considerada na avaliação da osteoporose. Embora a deficiência severa levando a osteomalacia possa ser vista raramente no Brasil, evidências se acumulam da freqüente ocorrência de deficiência subclínica, especialmente em idosos.

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Clothing prevents ultraviolet-B radiation-dependent photosynthesis of vitamin D3.

Cited by 77 publications

References 8 publications

Incidence and prevalence of nutritional and hereditary rickets in southern Denmark

Incidence and prevalence of nutritional and hereditary rickets in southern Denmark

Vitamin D and bone health outcomes in older age

Vitamin D deficiency: a global perspective

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