A construção socioeconômica da cannabis no Marrocos: o kif como produto tradicional, produto manufaturado e produto de contrabando

Abstract

Designado kif no Marrocos, a cannabis passou por importantes transformações que impactaram o seu valor social e econômico neste país. O presente artigo analisa essas mudanças no que se refere à evolução das normas, modos de uso e técnicas, e no que diz respeito às mudanças dos atores que produzem e comercializam a cannabis, em um primeiro momento num contexto tradicional, e em um segundo momento em dois mercados no período dos protetorados francês e espanhol (1912-1956): o mercado de monopólio e o mercado de contrabando.

Drug Policies and Development

“…Given the globalisation of the cannabis market, it is essential for harmful impacts, whether legal or illegal, to be considered in an international context. In a study of the intermediate actors and mediators involved in the production and circulation of both cannabis seeds and knowledge between Morocco and Holland, the present chapter's author saw how highly localised actors (in the Rif) were linked to highly mobile actors (in Holland) (Afsahi, 2017a and. Morocco and California have been selected as cases studies for the present study not so much to show the interdependence of the two areas as to show how environmental crime today transcends state borders in terms of cannabis cultivation practices and the exploitation of natural and human resources, a phenomenon that has remained at the margins of the concerns of various actors in the cannabis industry.…”

“…The cannabis industry has undergone numerous reconfigurations in recent years.2 It is now a multifaceted sector in terms of the products it offers, the Afsahi large number of cannabis-producing countries involved, the mass of producers with different know-how, the many plant varieties grown and the very different qualities of cannabis weed, resin, oil and other preparations. The words used to refer to cannabis also tell their own story (Afsahi, 2017a). The past decade in particular has seen significant changes in the cultivation techniques used in European and North American countries, where cannabis cultivation has increased with the emergence of new ways of disseminating know-how, online seed outlets and shops selling indoor growing equipment to the public.…”

The Rif and California: Environmental Violence in the Era of New Cannabis Markets

“…Given the globalisation of the cannabis market, it is essential for harmful impacts, whether legal or illegal, to be considered in an international context. In a study of the intermediate actors and mediators involved in the production and circulation of both cannabis seeds and knowledge between Morocco and Holland, the present chapter's author saw how highly localised actors (in the Rif) were linked to highly mobile actors (in Holland) (Afsahi, 2017a and2017b). Morocco and California have been selected as cases studies for the present study not so much to show the interdependence of the two areas as to show how environmental crime today transcends state borders in terms of cannabis cultivation practices and the exploitation of natural and human resources, a phenomenon that has remained at the margins of the concerns of various actors in the cannabis industry.…”

“…As this Rif farmer indicated, Moroccans have had a close connection with cannabis (or kif) for centuries. They used it in food, medicine and religious rituals, as well as for technical and recreational purposes or simply to help them endure harsh labour conditions (Afsahi, 2017a). It would be grown in small quantities in gardens alongside traditional crops, either for domestic use or to sell at market.…”

“…Significantly, cannabis-based products have made a recent comeback in the cannabis markets large number of cannabis-producing countries involved, the mass of producers with different know-how, the many plant varieties grown and the very different qualities of cannabis weed, resin, oil and other preparations. The words used to refer to cannabis also tell their own story (Afsahi, 2017a). The past decade in particular has seen significant changes in the cultivation techniques used in European and North American countries, where cannabis cultivation has increased with the emergence of new ways of disseminating know-how, online seed outlets and shops selling indoor growing equipment to the public.…”