Does breastfeeding influence the risk of developing diabetes mellitus in children? A review of current evidence

Pereira, Patrícia Feliciano; Alfenas, Rita de Cássia Gonçalves; Araújo, Raquel Maria Amaral

doi:10.1016/j.jped.2013.02.024

Cited by 69 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…No study, as a matter of fact, shows long-term protective effects or effects depending on the duration of breastfeeding [25,28]. For T1DM, the protective effect might be linked with the duration and exclusiveness of breastfeeding, but there is no consensus in the scientific community about it [27,29]. …”

Section: Part Ii: Complementary Feeding and Coeliac Disease Type 1 Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recommendations on complementary feeding for healthy, full-term infants

Alvisi

Brusa

Alboresi³

et al. 2015

Ital J Pediatr

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Weaning (or introduction of complementary feeding) is a special and important moment in the growth of a child, both for the family and the infant itself, and it can play a major role in the child’s future health. Throughout the years, various weaning modes have come in succession, the latest being baby-led weaning; the timing for introducing foods and the requirements of which sort of nutrient for weaning have also changed over time. Furthermore, the role played by nutrition, especially in the early stages of life, for the onset of later non-communicable disorders, such as diabetes, obesity or coeliac disease has also been increasingly highlighted.Members of Italian Society of Gastroenterology, Hepathology and Pediatric Nutrition (SIGENP) and the Italian Society of Allergology and Pediatric Immunology (SIAIP) Emilia Romagna here propose a practical approach for pediatricians to deal with daily practice. The four main areas for discussion were weaning in relation with the onset of allergic diseases, coeliac disease, diabetes and metabolic syndrome, the nutrition requirements to take into account for assessing the diet of infants under one year of age and about the practice of baby-led weaning focusing on limits and benefits, respectively.

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Section: Part Ii: Complementary Feeding and Coeliac Disease Type 1 Dmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recommendations on complementary feeding for healthy, full-term infants

Alvisi

Brusa

Alboresi³

et al. 2015

Ital J Pediatr

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“…Milk contains a variety of immuno-active components, including milk protein peptides, oligosaccharides, cytokines, hormones, immunoglobulins, soluble receptors for bacterial lipopolysaccharide, microRNA-containing exosomes, and viable immune cells (3,4). Notably, the beneficial effects of breastfeeding continue after weaning and well beyond the lifetime of immunoglobulins and other soluble factors from milk (3,5,6). Others have demonstrated dam to pup transfer of milk immune cells and suggested that they conferred short-term, passive, cellular immunity (7–10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Milk T Cells Drive Development of Transgenerational Th1 Immunity in Offspring Thymus

Ghosh

Nguyen

Muller

et al. 2016

The Journal of Immunology

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Using multiple murine foster-nursing protocols, thereby eliminating placental transfer and allowing a distinction between dam- and pup-derived cells, we show that foster nursing by an immunized dam results in development of CD8+ T cells in non-immunized foster pups that are specific for antigens against which the foster dam was immunized (Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Candida albicans). We have dubbed this process “maternal educational immunity” to distinguish it from passive cellular immunity. Of the variety of maternal immune cells present in milk, only T cells were detected in pup tissues. Maternal T cells, a substantial percentage of which were CD4+MHCII+, accumulated in the pup thymus and spleen during the nursing period. Further analysis of maternal cells in the pup thymus showed a proportion was positive for maternal immunogen-specific MHCII tetramers. To determine the outcome of antigen presentation in the thymus, the maternal or foster pup origin of immunogen-responding CD8+ cells in foster pup spleens was assessed. While about 10% were maternally-derived in the first few weeks after weaning, all immunogen-responding CD8+ T cells were pup-derived by 12 weeks of age. Pup-derived immunogen-responsive CD8+ cells persisted until at least 1 year of age. Passive cellular immunity is well accepted and has been demonstrated in the human population. Here we show an arguably more important role for transferred immune cells: the direction of offspring T cell development. Harnessing maternal educational immunity through pre-pregnancy immunization programs has potential for improvement of infant immunity.

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“…Breastfeeding may also confer longer-term metabolic benefits to both mother (44) and offspring (45).…”

Section: Lactationmentioning

confidence: 99%