Recommendations on complementary feeding for healthy, full-term infants

Abstract

Weaning (or introduction of complementary feeding) is a special and important moment in the growth of a child, both for the family and the infant itself, and it can play a major role in the child’s future health. Throughout the years, various weaning modes have come in succession, the latest being baby-led weaning; the timing for introducing foods and the requirements of which sort of nutrient for weaning have also changed over time. Furthermore, the role played by nutrition, especially in the early stages of life, for the onset of later non-communicable disorders, such as diabetes, obesity or coeliac disease has also been increasingly highlighted.Members of Italian Society of Gastroenterology, Hepathology and Pediatric Nutrition (SIGENP) and the Italian Society of Allergology and Pediatric Immunology (SIAIP) Emilia Romagna here propose a practical approach for pediatricians to deal with daily practice. The four main areas for discussion were weaning in relation with the onset of allergic diseases, coeliac disease, diabetes and metabolic syndrome, the nutrition requirements to take into account for assessing the diet of infants under one year of age and about the practice of baby-led weaning focusing on limits and benefits, respectively.

Evaluation of Parents’ Knowledges and Experiences about Infant Feeding in Children between Six-Twenty Four Months

“…Anne sütünün tek başına süt çocuğunun enerji ve besin öğeleri gereksinmesini tam olarak karşılamadığı dönemde anne sütü ile birlikte diğer yiyecek ve içeceklerin verilmesine "tamamlayıcı beslenme" adı verilmektedir. Uygun zamanda başlatılan ve kurallara uygun şekilde sürdürülen tamamlayıcı beslenme, bebeğin bir yaş civarında aile sofrasındaki yiyecekleri tüketebilecek olgunluğa ulaşmasını sağlar (5,6). Annelerin tamamlayıcı beslenme uygulamaları konusunda bilinçlendirilmesi çocuk sağlığı açısından son derece önemlidir.…”

“…Bu dönemde bebeğin anne sütüyle beslenmesi devam etmekte, bunun yanı sıra sıvı, yarı katı, katı gıdalar alıştırılmak suretiyle verilmektedir. Bu dönemdeki beslenmeye tamamlayıcı beslenme de denilmektedir (5,6). Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırmaları'na (TNSA) göre bebek maması ve diğer sıvılara erken başlama pratiklerine sıkça rastlanmıştır.…”

De lactante a niño. Alimentación en diversas etapas de la vida y avances en nutrición

“…Existen diferentes estudios al respecto que detectan beneficios de una u otra manera de ofrecer la AC. Una mezcla de ambas, espontáneamente establecida por muchas familias, quizás sea la forma más adecuada de hacerlo (15,16). -¿Existe algún riesgo si se adelanta o se retrasa su inicio?…”

Complementary Feeding in Developed Countries: The 3 Ws (When, What, and Why?)

“…Daily protein intake is approximately 10% of the total daily calories, with a recommendation of 1.1 g/kg/day or 11 g/day for boys and 10 g/day for girls from 7 to 12 months, amounts that have been lowered to decrease the risk of obesity [19][20][21]. There are no daily intake recommendations for fiber from 6 to 12 months of age.…”

“…The WHO recommends a range of 30-45% of total daily energy intake (approximately 30 g/day), while the EFSA advises 40% of total calories from 6 to less than 12 months and 35-40% from 12 to 24 months [18][19][20]. Saturated fat should be limited to less than 10% of the total energy intake and from 6 to 12 months of age the recommended intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) is 250 mg/day, 4.6 g/day of linoleic acid, 0.5 g/day of α-linolenic acid, and 100 mg/day of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) [19][20][21].…”