Cytotoxicity of binary mixtures of human pharmaceuticals in a fish cell line: Approaches for non-monotonic concentration–response relationships

Genotoxic and immunotoxic potential effects of selected psychotropic drugs and antibiotics on blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) hemocytes

“…Moreover, we noted an hormetic response in phagocytotic activity after venlafaxine exposure. While cell stress generated by low-dose exposure might be suspected, the physiological mechanism by which hormesis occurs is still poorly understood, although commonly reported in bivalve immunotoxicity and highlighted in many aquatic species after pharmaceutical exposure (Bain and Kumar, 2014;Fong and Ford, 2014).…”

Benefits from hazards, benefits from nothing, and benefits from benefits: the combined effects of five quaternary ammonium compounds to Vibrio qinghaiensis Q67

“…The long-term exposure to low-dose pollutants is a common phenomenon, and the corresponding toxicity assessment is an essential aspect of the environmental risk assessment of pollutants. To date, the conventional prediction models for toxicity assessment include concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models [24][25][26]. Although the CA and IA models have been widely used in toxicity prediction for mixtures, these models were mainly applied to predict mixtures with S-shaped CRC.…”

Toxicological effects of clofibric acid and diclofenac on plasma thyroid hormones of an Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala during short and long-term exposures

“…Environmental pollution caused by pharmaceuticals is a complex issue due to involvement of thousands of different active molecules which belongs to various therapeutic classes, with different physico-chemical properties, chemical structures, environmental behavior and persistence (Zuccato et al, 2006;Fatta-Kassinos et al, 2011) and are now emerging as a new environmental problem as micro-compounds (He et al, 2013). Bioaccumulation of some pharmaceuticals has been observed in fish collected from effluent (Brooks et al, 2005;Ramirez et al, 2009) and during laboratory exposures (Schwaiger et al, 2004), indicating that tissue concentrations can reach higher levels than concentrations measured in environmental samples (Bain and Anupama Kumar, 2014).…”

“…Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as diclofenac, ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen, and acetylsalicylic acid were detected in surface waters of the Southern India (Shanmugam et al, 2014). Furthermore, it has been suggested that the focus of future research on ecotoxicology of various types of pharmaceuticals and the effects of low concentrations of pharmaceuticals in susceptible aquatic species need to be better identified (Bain and Anupama Kumar, 2014). However, there is a noticeable lack of investigation of short and long-term effects on nontarget organisms (Santos et al, 2010;Ramaswamy et al, 2011; and also the potential risk assessment of both pharmaceutical drugs CA and DCF concentrations on THs are meager on fish especially in an Indian major carps.…”