Headspace analysis and characterisation of South African propolis volatile compounds using GCxGC–ToF–MS

Evaluation of the residues from the ethanolic extraction of organic propolis as a source of biological compounds

“…Propolis (bee glue) is one of the protective products resulting from this behavior TRUSHEVA, 2014;. The compounds present in the propolis resin have three origins: substances actively secreted by plants and substances exuded from wounds in plants (lipophilic materials on leaves and leaf buds, resins, mucilage, gums, among others) collected by bees, secreted substances from bee metabolism, and materials introduced during propolis elaboration (MIGUEL;ANTUNES, 2011;KAMATOU et al, 2019). It is nearly constituted by resin (60%), being the remaining composition comprised by waxes, essential oils, vitamins and microelements (REIS et al, 2017).…”

“…Bees use the mechanical properties of this resinous substance to block holes and cracks, repair combs, strength the thin borders of the comb, seal the openings in the hive to avoid the entrance of intruders and maintain a constant inner temperature TRUSHEVA, 2014;KAMATOU et al, 2019). Propolis also consolidates structural components and varnish inside the cells with disinfecting purposes and prevent vibrations (MENDIZABAL, 2005;OLIVIERA et al, 2010;RIOS et al, 2014).…”

“…Propolis also consolidates structural components and varnish inside the cells with disinfecting purposes and prevent vibrations (MENDIZABAL, 2005;OLIVIERA et al, 2010;RIOS et al, 2014). On the other hand, bee glue restrains the putrefaction of "embalmed" intruders that were killed in the hive and are too large to be carried out, contributing to the attainment of an internal aseptic environment and the protection of the hive from widespread bacterial infection TRUSHEVA, 2014;FERREIRA et al, 2017;KAMATOU et al, 2019).…”

“…Various biological properties have been ascribed to propolis, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anesthetic and anti-HIV activities (ITO et al, 2001;DE CASTRO ISHIDA et al, 2011;ZHU et al, 2011aZHU et al, , 2011bKRÓL et al, 2013;SULEMAN et al, 2015). The bioactivity of propolis results from its complex chemical composition, which harbors a wide range of bioactive compounds KAMATOU et al, 2019). These effects are exerted by the numerous chemical compounds identified in the volatile and non-volatile fractions of propolis of different botanical and geographical origin TRUSHEVA, 2014;KAŠKONIENE et al, 2014;DARENDELIOGLU et al, 2016;KAMATOU et al, 2019).…”

“…Various biological properties have been ascribed to propolis including antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, anesthetic and anti-HIV activities (ITO et al, 2001;DE CASTRO ISHIDA et al, 2011;ZHU et al, 2011aZHU et al, , 2011bKRÓL et al, 2013;SULEMAN et al, 2015). The bioactivity of propolis is believed to be a result of its complex chemical composition, which harbors a wide range of bioactive compounds KAMATOU et al, 2019). The complex form of propolis enables the utilization of different extraction solvents such as ethanol, methanol and water.…”