Biotin/avidin system for the generation of fully renewable DNA sensor based on biotinylated polypyrrole film

Electrically Controlled Drug Delivery from Biotin‐Doped Conductive Polypyrrole

“…Other groups have chemically modified the PPy monomer to attach a biotin molecule, making it a part of the PPy backbone. [18][19][20] This approach is ideal for sensor applications, [21,22] which benefit from this strong covalent attachment, but we have shown that a weaker electrostatic attachment provides a novel approach for drug delivery. By incorporating biotin as a dopant, electrical stimulation results in reduction of the PPy backbone, which is believed to trigger the release of the biotin and the attached payload.…”

Electropolymerized Films of π‐Conjugated Polymers. A Tool for Surface Functionalization: A Brief Historical Evolution and Recent Trends

“…Instead of prefunctionalization of the starting monomer, more generic methods have been developed based on a two-step approach (Figure 1.3b). Classically, an active group (e.g., amino [150], carboxylic [151], or affinity groups [152,153]) is grafted by prefunctionalization; then, after electrodeposition via a coupling reaction (e.g., a peptide link), a bond is formed with a specie in solution (e.g., amino-protein). This postfunctionalization of the film mainly affects its surface; this is a limitation in ionic complexation for applications of the modified electrode in electroanalysis and electrocatalysis.…”

Immobilization of Biomolecules by Electropolymerized Films

“…[47][48][49] The binding of compact and active biological macromolecules was thus achieved using avidin-biotin interactions between biotinylated polypyrroles and biotinylated enzymes, antibodies, oligonucleotides, and even biotinylated bacteria. 25,[50][51][52] In contrast to the linear structure of biotinylated polypyrrole films, the synthesis of biotin derivatives bearing several electropolymerizable units allowed the emergence of biotinylated films with a cross-linked skeleton. For instance, the electropolymerization of a chiral biotin substituted by two carbazole groups led to a cross-linked film exhibiting stereoselective properties toward the permeation of chiral compounds.…”

“…In particular, the successive immobilization of avidin and biotinylated oligonucleotides on modified quartz crystals allowed the detection of hybridization events by gravimetric measurements. 50 However, contrary to multilayered enzyme electrodes, the elaboration of DNA sensors was limited to the anchoring of a monolayer of biotinylated oligonucleotides. With the aim of increasing the density of immobilized oligonucleotide probes, the preparation of supramolecular avidin architectures on biotinylated films was reported through the synthesis of the first biotinylated redox spacer: a tris(bipyridyl)iron(II) complex bearing six preoriented biotin groups.…”