Update on human papillomavirus – Part II: complementary diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis

Abstract

In this nonsystematic review, the complementary diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of human papillomavirus are discussed. The histopathology is addressed regarding its indications, main findings and limitations, as a complementary diagnostic method largely used by dermatologists. Electron microscopy is briefly reviewed, along with its contribution to the accumulated knowledge on HPV, as well as the relevance of research in using this technology for future advances in diagnosis and treatment. Molecular information about the virus is continuously increasing, and the practical applications of HPV serology, molecular identification and genotyping are discussed. Vaccines are a valuable tool in primary HPV infection prevention and are now available in many countries; their composition, indications, and adverse effects are revisited. Local and systemic treatment options are reviewed and off-label prescriptions are discussed. Finally, health education focusing on HPV infection as a sexually transmitted infection of worldwide relevance and the many barriers to improve primary and secondary prevention are addressed.

Comparison of the efficacy of intralesional5‐fluorouracil/lidocaine/epinephrine injection with cryotherapy to treat common and palmoplantar warts: A randomized, controlled trial

“…ECWs are benign epidermal proliferation caused by HPVs 1 . Treatment of warts is sometimes conflicting, and the patients seek treatment due to esthetic concerns and/or functional problems 3,6 . Several therapeutic approaches have been used in the treatment of warts, with different response and relapse rates 1,6 .…”

“…Treatment of warts is sometimes conflicting, and the patients seek treatment due to esthetic concerns and/or functional problems 3,6 . Several therapeutic approaches have been used in the treatment of warts, with different response and relapse rates 1,6 . 5‐Fluorouracil is among the medications successfully used to treat various kinds of warts, both in topical and intralesional forms 12 …”

“…therapeutic approaches have been used in the treatment of warts, with different response and relapse rates. 1,6 5-Fluorouracil is among the medications successfully used to treat various kinds of warts, both in topical and intralesional forms. 12 In the present study, it is revealed that the patients experiencing complete clinical response were mostly received 5-FU + LE injection, though the difference was not significant.…”

“…Several physical and medical managements have been assessed for the treatment of ECWs, showing different response and relapse rates 1,6 . The efficacy of different antimetabolite drugs was investigated in the treatment of ECWs, including bleomycin, pingyangmycin, and 5‐fluorouracil 7–10 …”

Plant-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides as Potential Antiviral Agents in Systemic Viral Infections

“…The incidence and prevalence of this pathology vary mostly on factors including HPV genotype [ 73 ]. So far, there only preventative HPV vaccines that have been endorsed by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), namely Cervarix ® and Gardasil ® These vaccines are accessible for early prophylaxis of infection with common cancer-causing HPV types, but local and systemic treatments are still under review [ 74 ].…”