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S U M M A R Y ( I ) Brief descriptions are given of methods that can be used either to determine the mortality caused by a complex of predators to a single target prey species or to quantify the diet of a single target predator species.(2) The following methods can be used quantitatively; direct observation, field caging, recovery of labelled prey, electrophoresis, single radial immunodiffusion, rocket immunoelectrophoresis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.(3) The following methods have potential for quantitative use; faecal analysis, gut dissection, tube precipitin test, ring test, Oakley-Fulthorpe test, crossed immunoelectrophoresis, crossover immunoelectrophoresis, fluorescence immunoassa ys.(4) The following tests are likely to remain qualitative; chromatography, doublediffusion, immunofixation, standard immunoelectrophoresis, latex agglutination, passive haemagglutination inhibition assay, complement fixation test.( 5 ) Examples are given of the use of these tests in predation studies.(6) Precautions associated with the use of these methods are described. (7) Various equations are reviewed for estimating predation rates using data on predator density, proportion positive and detection period in post-mortem tests.(8) There are limitations to the use of all current methods. Direct observation and field caging are of restricted application and often involve disturbance to the system being studied. Faecal analysis and post-mortem methods can confuse scavenging and secondary consumption with predation and they measure biomass ingested rather than number of prey killed or injured. Recovery of labelled prey has the faults of all these methods.(9) Potential new techniques are described for determining, from an examination of its gut contents, what a predator has eaten, when it ate it and in what quantity. I N T R O D U C T I O NIn both pure and applied entomology and ecology there is often a requirement to quantify predation occurring in the field. The aim of this paper is to review available methods to determine (i) which can, and have been, used quantitatively (ii) which have potential for quantitative use (iii) what precautions and limitations are associated with their use and (iv) what are the potential future developments for improving the accuracy of quantification. The review does not include methods that provide evidence of an effect of predators on a prey population whilst not actually quantifying predation (e.g. exclusion techniques, insecticidal 0 1988 Association of Applied Biologists 202 K . D . S U N D E R L A N D check method). These are covered in reviews by Kiritani & Dempster (1973), Southwood (1978) and Grant & Shepard (1985). Direct observation and field caging methods provide information that relates directly to predation, but other methods measure consumption. The latter methods can, however, be used to estimate predation rates, if additional data are available from laboratory and field observations on the proportion of consumption attributable to predation and scavenging. Laboratory observat...
S U M M A R Y ( I ) Brief descriptions are given of methods that can be used either to determine the mortality caused by a complex of predators to a single target prey species or to quantify the diet of a single target predator species.(2) The following methods can be used quantitatively; direct observation, field caging, recovery of labelled prey, electrophoresis, single radial immunodiffusion, rocket immunoelectrophoresis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.(3) The following methods have potential for quantitative use; faecal analysis, gut dissection, tube precipitin test, ring test, Oakley-Fulthorpe test, crossed immunoelectrophoresis, crossover immunoelectrophoresis, fluorescence immunoassa ys.(4) The following tests are likely to remain qualitative; chromatography, doublediffusion, immunofixation, standard immunoelectrophoresis, latex agglutination, passive haemagglutination inhibition assay, complement fixation test.( 5 ) Examples are given of the use of these tests in predation studies.(6) Precautions associated with the use of these methods are described. (7) Various equations are reviewed for estimating predation rates using data on predator density, proportion positive and detection period in post-mortem tests.(8) There are limitations to the use of all current methods. Direct observation and field caging are of restricted application and often involve disturbance to the system being studied. Faecal analysis and post-mortem methods can confuse scavenging and secondary consumption with predation and they measure biomass ingested rather than number of prey killed or injured. Recovery of labelled prey has the faults of all these methods.(9) Potential new techniques are described for determining, from an examination of its gut contents, what a predator has eaten, when it ate it and in what quantity. I N T R O D U C T I O NIn both pure and applied entomology and ecology there is often a requirement to quantify predation occurring in the field. The aim of this paper is to review available methods to determine (i) which can, and have been, used quantitatively (ii) which have potential for quantitative use (iii) what precautions and limitations are associated with their use and (iv) what are the potential future developments for improving the accuracy of quantification. The review does not include methods that provide evidence of an effect of predators on a prey population whilst not actually quantifying predation (e.g. exclusion techniques, insecticidal 0 1988 Association of Applied Biologists 202 K . D . S U N D E R L A N D check method). These are covered in reviews by Kiritani & Dempster (1973), Southwood (1978) and Grant & Shepard (1985). Direct observation and field caging methods provide information that relates directly to predation, but other methods measure consumption. The latter methods can, however, be used to estimate predation rates, if additional data are available from laboratory and field observations on the proportion of consumption attributable to predation and scavenging. Laboratory observat...
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