1 × 10<sup>−16</sup>frequency transfer by GPS PPP with integer ambiguity resolution

Petit, Gérard; Kanj, Amale; Loyer, S.; Delporte, J.; Mercier, F.; Pérosanz, F.

doi:10.1088/0026-1394/52/2/301

Cited by 123 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(24 reference statements)

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“…Since the two receivers are connected to the same maser, this part of the setup constitutes a common clock very-short-baseline configuration, which is analyzed using the NRCan PPP software. Similar investigations have been performed in [23] (slide 13) and [24]. Such a comparison is not affected by the frequency instability of the masers, the effects of signal propagation through the ionosphere and instabilities of the IGS time.…”

Section: Signal Validation and Uncertainty Contributionssupporting

confidence: 54%

Characterization of a 450 km baseline GPS carrier-phase link using an optical fiber link

et al. 2015

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Carrier-phase two-way satellite frequency transfer over a very long baseline M Fujieda, D Piester, T Gotoh et al. Abstract A global positioning system (GPS) carrier-phase frequency transfer link along a baseline of 450 km has been established and is characterized by comparing it to a phase-stabilized optical fiber link of 920 km length, established between the two endpoints, the Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik in Garching and the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt in Braunschweig. The characterization is accomplished by comparing two active hydrogen masers operated at both institutes. The masers serve as local oscillators and cancel out when the double differences are calculated, such that they do not constitute a limitation for the GPS link characterization. We achieve a frequency instability of 3 10 13 × − in 30 s and 5 10 16 × − for long averaging times. Frequency comparison results obtained via both links show no deviation larger than the statistical uncertainty of 6 10 16 × −. These results can also be interpreted as a successful cross-check of the measurement uncertainty of a truly remote end fiber link.

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Section: Signal Validation and Uncertainty Contributionssupporting

confidence: 54%

Characterization of a 450 km baseline GPS carrier-phase link using an optical fiber link

et al. 2015

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“…To see more details about the relative time change between two receivers, we show the time difference between two receivers in this section. The time difference between two receivers sharing the same reference time is also called "common-clock difference (CCD)" [21][22][23]. In principle, the time difference between two NIST receivers should be a constant.…”

Section: Long-term Uncertainty In Gps Cp Time Transfermentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of GPS Carrier-Phase Time Transfer Noise Based on NIST GPS Receivers

Yao

Levine

2016

J. RES. NATL. INST. STAN.

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To do a better time comparison between high-precision clocks (such as a Cesium-fountain clock and Hydrogen-maser clock), we want to study and eventually lower the GPS carrier-phase time transfer noise. The GPS carrier-phase time transfer noise comes from four sources: GPS satellite, GPS signal path, ground receiving equipment (receiver and antenna), and data-processing algorithm. This paper focuses on the noise introduced by the ground receiving equipment. At NIST, we have installed seven GPS receivers. All receivers have the same reference time, i.e., UTC(NIST). Three of them are connected to the same antenna. The other four are connected to four different antennas. This architecture enables us to study the time-transfer noise from the ground receiving equipment. We study both long-term (> 100 days) noise and short-term (< 1 day) noise. For the long-term noise, the time-transfer result using one receiver can vary from that using another receiver by up to 1.8 ns, during 1.3 years. To achieve sub-nanosecond GPS timing accuracy, a careful monitoring of the time delays or a more frequent calibration is needed. For the short-term noise, we find that the common-clock difference between receivers using the same antenna is less noisy than that using two different antennas, at an averaging time of less than 0.5 hour. This indicates that the antenna and antenna cable contribute to the super-short-term noise of GPS carrier-phase time transfer significantly. In addition, the response to the GPS receiver's reference-time change is tested in this paper. The variation in the response can be up to ± 350 ps. Last, this paper gives the best carrier-phase time transfer result we can currently achieve with the available equipment at NIST. The best frequency stability is 4.0×10 −16 at 3 hours, 1.1×10 −16 at 1 day, 4.0×10 −17 at 10 days, and 1.3×10 −17 at 48 days.

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“…Compared with GNSS code-only techniques, such as CV and All-in-View (AV) [9], better short-term stability in time transfer can be achieve with PPP. The present typical uncertainty of PPP-based frequency comparison is about 1 × 10 −15 at 1-day average and about 1 × 10 −16 at 30-day average, where corresponding to type A uncertainty of 0.3 ns for time-links in the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) Circular T. Moreover, the integer-PPP (IPPP) technique implemented by CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales) was first applied to perform frequency transfer [10]. The results demonstrated that the IPPP technique allowed frequency comparison with 1 × 10 −16 accuracy in several days and could be readily operated with existing products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consideration of GLONASS Inter-Frequency Code Biases in Precise Point Positioning (PPP) International Time Transfer

Qin

Cao

et al. 2018

Applied Sciences

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Abstract:International time transfer based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) precise point positioning (PPP) is influenced by inter-frequency code biases (IFCBs) because of the application of frequency division multiple access technique. This work seeks to gain insight into the influence of GLONASS IFCBs on international time transfer based on GLONASS-only PPP. With a re-parameterization process, three IFCB handling schemes are proposed: neglecting IFCBs, estimating IFCB for each GLONASS frequency number, and estimating IFCB for each GLONASS satellite. Observation data collected from 39 globally distributed stations in a 71-day period (DOY 227-297, 2017) was exclusively processed. For the comparison reason, Global Positioning System (GPS)-only PPP solutions were regarded as reference values. The clock differences derived from GPS-and GLONASS-only PPP solutions were then analyzed. The experimental results demonstrated that considering GLONASS IFCBs could reduce standard deviation (STD) of the clock differences for both identical receiver types and mixed receiver types, of which reduction was from 3.3% to 62.6%. Furthermore, compared with neglecting IFCBs, STD of the clock differences with estimating IFCB for each GLONASS satellite in coordinate-fixed mode was reduced by more than 30% from 0.30 to 0.20 ns, and by 10% from 0.40 to 0.35 ns, for 1-day arc solutions and 10-day arc solutions, respectively. Moreover, different precise products from three International GNSS Service (IGS) analysis centers were also evaluated. Even though different IFCB handling schemes were adopted in GLONASS satellite clock estimation, our numerical results showed that international time transfer on the basis of estimating IFCB for each GLONASS satellite better than the other two processing schemes. To achieve high-precision GLONASS-only PPP-based international time transfer, it is highly recommended to estimate IFCB for each GLONASS satellite.

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1 × 10⁻¹⁶frequency transfer by GPS PPP with integer ambiguity resolution

Cited by 123 publications

References 20 publications

Characterization of a 450 km baseline GPS carrier-phase link using an optical fiber link

Characterization of a 450 km baseline GPS carrier-phase link using an optical fiber link

A Study of GPS Carrier-Phase Time Transfer Noise Based on NIST GPS Receivers

Consideration of GLONASS Inter-Frequency Code Biases in Precise Point Positioning (PPP) International Time Transfer

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1 × 10−16frequency transfer by GPS PPP with integer ambiguity resolution

Cited by 123 publications

References 20 publications

Characterization of a 450 km baseline GPS carrier-phase link using an optical fiber link

Characterization of a 450 km baseline GPS carrier-phase link using an optical fiber link

A Study of GPS Carrier-Phase Time Transfer Noise Based on NIST GPS Receivers

Consideration of GLONASS Inter-Frequency Code Biases in Precise Point Positioning (PPP) International Time Transfer

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1 × 10⁻¹⁶frequency transfer by GPS PPP with integer ambiguity resolution