1,1′‐Nitramino‐5,5′‐bitetrazoles

Abstract

1,1'-Dinitramino-5,5'-bitetrazole and 1,1'-dinitramino-5,5'-azobitetrazole were synthesized for the first time. The neutral compounds are extremely sensitive and powerful explosives. Selected nitrogen-rich salts were prepared to adjust sensitivity and performance values. The compounds were characterized by low-temperature X-ray diffraction, IR and Raman spectroscopy, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and DTA/DSC. Calculated energetic performances using the EXPLO5 code based on calculated (CBS-4M) heats of formation and X-ray densities support the high performances of the 1,1'-dinitramino-5,5'-bitetrazoles as energetic materials. The sensitivities toward impact, friction, and electrostatic discharge were also explored. Most of the compounds show sensitivities in the range of primary explosives and should only be handled with great care!

1‐AminoTriazole Transition‐Metal Complexes as Laser‐Ignitable and Lead‐Free Primary Explosives

“…The majority of the currently used explosives, or at least their degradation products, exhibit enormous toxicity towards human life and the environment, thereby making research into green alternatives indispensable . Especially in the field of primary explosives, there is an urgent need for the development of these alternatives, as extremely toxic lead compounds, namely lead azide and lead styphnate, are still in use . Both compounds, which have been added to the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) candidate list, are the main components of various ignition systems, such as primers or detonators, which are of great importance in ammunition and warheads as well as in civilian areas such as mine construction…”

Synthesis and Investigation of 2,3,5,6‐Tetra‐(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)pyrazine Based Energetic Materials

“…Therefore, the tetrazole motif is widely used in the synthesis of high‐performance nitrogen‐rich salts, which have tailored properties for different applications. For example, metal‐free ionic compounds can be used either as explosives (e. g., 5‐nitriminotetrazoles, 5,5′‐bistetrazole‐1,1′‐diolates, 1,1′‐dinitramino‐5,5′‐bistetrazolates,) or in propellant charges (e. g., 5,5′‐bistetrazolates), while metal‐containing salts can be used as energetic colorants in modern smokeless pyrotechnical compositions (e. g., 5‐aminotetrazolates) as well as primary explosives (e. g., potassium 1,1′‐dinitramino‐5,5′‐bistetrazolate). Recently we reported a new nitrogen‐rich ( N ‐rich) EM, 2,3,5,6‐tetra(1 H ‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)pyrazine (H 4 TTP) from readily available starting materials .…”

An Unusual Layered Crystal Packing Gives Rise to a Superior Thermal Stability of Energetic Salt of 3,6‐Bishydrazino‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine

“…[1] Recently, nitrogen-rich heterocycles are one of the high energy density materials (HEDMs) that each world power competed on, of which two important kinds are azoles and tetrazines. [2][3][4][5][6] These high nitrogen content materials have a large number of N-N and C-N bonds and therefore exhibit large positive heats of formation. Additionally, the low percentages of C and H in these compounds have triple positive effects: (i) enhance density; (ii) allow a good oxygen balance to be achieved easily; and (iii) produce a larger number of moles of gaseous products per gram of the highenergy material.…”