The ability of probiotics to adhere to the intestinal epithelium likely plays an important role in their colonization of the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we performed high-throughput screening (HTS) for suitable characteristics of potential probiotic bacteria using attachment and colonization ability through a C. elegans surrogate in vivo model. A total of 100 strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from infant feces were subjected to the colonization assay using C. elegans intestine. Based on colonization ability, we showed that nine isolates have a high attachment ability during whole experimental periods (up to 168 h), compared to Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG as a control. Also, through the use of an in vitro cell attachment model, nine isolates revealed highly binding activity to the mucus layer. Next, the selected 9 isolates were assayed for their survival ability when exposed to acidic and bile conditions as well as cholesterol reduction and the utilization of prebiotic substrates. As a result, the isolated nine strains were determined to be highly resistant to acid and bile conditions. In addition, they have significant activity for the reduction of cholesterol and utilization of several prebiotic substrates as a carbon source. Finally, the selected nine strains were identified by either L. rhamnosus or L. plantarum (4 strains for L. rhamnosus and 5 strains for L. plantarum, respectively). Taken together, we propose that the direct colonization of probiotics using C. elegans may be applicable to the rapid screening of valuable probiotic strains in vivo.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of anticipated risks and anticipated benefits on the relationship between academic burnout and life satisfaction. The participants of this study were 326 university students and analyses for this study was conducted by using PASW 18.0 and Amos 8.0. The major achievements were as follows; anticipated risks confirmed partially mediating variable between academic burnout and life satisfaction. That is, academic burnout had some effect on life satisfaction through anticipated risks. Also, anticipated risks confirmed moderating variable between academic burnout and life satisfaction. Finally, the needs of development about the counseling and the education approaches as a special intervention was discussed, and that approaches were reflected academic burnout and anticipated risks to be reduced. And limitations and implications of subsequent further study were suggested in this research.
In this study, we developed a HPLC method for the separation and analysis of methylparaben and p-anisic acid, which are commonly used as a synthetic preservative and natural preservative, respectively. Methylparaben and p-anisic acid have same molecular weight (152.15 g/mol), similar structure and same maximum absorption wavelength (250 nm), thus they showed same retention time (RT) value (13.3 min) in HPLC experiment. We observed that two substances are separated on C18 column after methylparaben was derivatized selectively through the acetylation reaction. Instead, RT of the acetylated methylparaben was moved to 23.9 min from 13.3 min. The average retention time was 23.9 ± 0.1 min and peak area values was 5042882 ± 4778. In addition it showed a high linearity in the calibration curve with a correlation coefficient (R 2 ) of 0.9999658. Detection and quantitation limits were 1.47 µg/mL and 4.44 µg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, the developed method can be useful for separation and analysis of preservatives with similar structure in cosmetic fields.
In order to investigate functional characterization of callus extracts of apple 'Hirosaki' for cosmetic materials, biological activities of its extracts including wrinkle improvement, hair growth, and anti-inflammatory effect were investigated. The callus extract showed similar activity with TGF-β used as positive control at 50 μg/mL in the test of collagen synthesis, and increased 40% of proliferation of hair follicle dermal papilla cells. Especially, in case of anti-inflammatory effect, callus extract inhibited about 50% of COX-2 expression which was known as response for intermediating inflammation, and about 70% of eotaxin-1 production which was increased by atopy dermatitis.
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