Tubulinopathy commonly refers to complex congenital and non-progressive brain malformations caused by mutations in the tubulin genes. Among tubulin-encoding genes, TUBB3 has rarely been reported as a cause of complex cortical malformations. Herein, we report a case of tubulinopathy in a 21-month-old boy who presented with delayed development. He could not walk on his own and was not able to speak more than five words. Physical examination revealed right esotropia and hypotonia of the lower extremities. MRI showed dysmorphic brainstem and dysmorphic and hypertrophic basal ganglia. The right thalamus was relatively smaller than the left one. The cerebellum showed disorganization of the cerebellar folia. DNA sequencing revealed a missense mutation of the TUBB3 gene.
Omental torsion secondary to inguinal hernia has rarely been reported as a cause of acute abdominal pain. However, in our case, omental infarction due to prolonged inguinal hernia-associated omental torsion led to the formation of a large omental mass with marginal fibrosis, and the patient presented with chronic abdominal pain. A 74-year-old man presented with complaints of lower abdominal pain for 1 month; subsequently, bilateral inguinal hernias were identified through inguinal ultrasonography. CT scans revealed that the greater omentum was trapped within the right inguinal canal, leading to omental torsion. The greater omentum, distal to the pedicle, appeared as a 30 cm-sized oblong fibrofatty mass in the right lower abdomen and pelvic cavity. Laparoscopic omentectomy with hernia repair was successfully performed.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a very common urological disease in older men, and it typically leads to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). The exact cause of BPH is not known. Physical activity is increasingly recognized as an important modifiable lifestyle factor and several studies have demonstrated an inverse relationship of exercise with development of BPH/LUTS. In this review paper, the evidence for the impact of exercise on the occurrence and development of BPH/LUTS in the context of the other known risk factors for BPH will be discussed. METHODS: A systematic search on PubMed and RISS was performed to obtain previous studies examining the relationship between exercise and BPH/LUTS. RESULTS: Studies have demonstrated that physical activity/exercise ranging from light housework to sports are inversely associated with the development of BPH/LUTS. Several mechanisms for this association have been proposed, including sympathetic tone, hormonal changes, inflammation, and autophagy. There are some points to be implemented regarding the inverse relationship between exercise and development of BPH: Prevention is likely to be more effective than treatment of BPH/LUTS through exercise, and it is more effective to exercise at a young age than at an old age. The effects of exercise on preventing BPH/LUTS are dosage-dependent, such as exercise intensity and volume. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that there is a protective role for exercise in reducing the risk of developing BPH/LUTS. However, it is still necessary to obtain the precise mechanisms for the relationship between exercise and BPH/LUTS in the future.
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