In this study, we investigated about cell toxicity and oxidative stress of HepG2 cell by treatment of sodium fluoride (NaF) and fluoride extracts from krill Euphausia superba meat, shell, whole body and krill meal. The cell toxicity showed significant at 300 and 500 g/mL NaF treatment group. But krill (Euphausia superba) fluoride extract (KFE) treatment in all groups were not toxic. The superoxide radical production increased significantly in NaF treated group, but there was no significant change in KFE treated group. The superoxide dismutase activity was a significant increase 21.5% at 100 g/mL and 24.7% at 300 g/mL treatment group of fluoride extracts from krill meat, and 8.7% at 300 g/mL in krill meals, compared to the control group. However, hydroxy radical flux and catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity of fluoride extracts from krill meat did not change. As a result, for a short period of time, NaF treatment in HepG2 cells affect the cell toxicity and oxidative stress, but in the case of KFE, these were not recognized. Thus, depending on the type of food ingested with fluoride, cell toxicity and oxidative stress was found to be different.
The AOAC Mouse Bioassay method (MBA) has been widely used for routine monitoring of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) for more than 50 years. However, this method has low sensitivity and experiences interference from other components in the extract. Also, ethical issues have been raised against the continued use of this live-mouse assay. To establish an alternative method for PSP analysis, we attempted to develop PSP analysis conditions using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The LC-MS/MS analysis of reference material showed very reasonable accuracy, and the analysis time was just 15 min. However, the recovery rate of toxin spike samples using the LC-MS/MS analysis was 59.4-91.0%. We also attempted to remove the matrix effect using shellfish extracts, but recoveries of C1 and C2 did not improve. A comparison between the results of MBA and LC-MS/MS analysis revealed good correlations, with values of 0.8878 and 0.9211 for oyster and mussel matrices, respectively.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.