-The growth in IT industry has brought a corresponding rise in the number of connected digital devices in the distribution network. These digital loads lead to AC to DC conversion losses in order to supply power to them. The more the renewable energies and plug-in electrical vehicles penetrated our lives, the more the electrical losses are caused by AC to DC conversion process. Hence, this paper suggests the methodology for evaluating the amount of power supplied according to the ratio of DC power supply and performs an economic analysis of DC distribution system considering grid parity. In here, the cost of carbon emission reduced by renewable energy is also concerned.
This paper deals with an experimental study on the reaction of muscles by functional electrical stimulation(FES) with the design and fabrication of an ankle reaction apparatus. The ankle reaction apparatus consists of a circuit part and a kinematic part, and it monitors reaction time for a particular angle of joint rotation according to FES. The experimental results showed that the change of the ankle rotation angle was linearly proportional to the change of the magnitude of FES. It also showed that the muscle's reaction time was constant no matter how large the magnitude of the stimulus. The results of this paper can be applied to develop an active-type walking-assistance robot.
-Electric Vehicles(EVs) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles(PHEVs) which have the grid connection capability, represent an important power system issue of charging demands. Analyzing impacts EVs charging demands of the power system such as increased peak demands, developed by means of modeling a stochastic distribution of charging and a demand dispatch calculation. Optimization processes proposed to determine optimal demand distribution portions so that charging costs and demand can possibly be managed. In order to solve the problems due to increasing charging demand at the peak time, alternative electricity rate such as Time-of-Use(TOU) rate has been in effect since last year. The TOU rate would in practice change the tendencies of charging time at the peak time. Nevertheless, since it focus only minimizing costs of charging from owners of the EVs, loads would be concentrated at times which have a lowest charging rate and would form a new peak load. The purpose of this paper is that to suggest a scenario of load leveling for a power system operator side. In case study results, the vehicles as regular load with time constraints, battery charging patterns and changed daily demand in the charging areas are investigated and optimization results are analyzed regarding cost and operation aspects by determining optimal demand distribution portions.
This study describes the effect of crosslinking types on chemical and physical properties and UV resistance of fluoroethylene vinyl ether (FEVE) layer over poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) in coil-coating. Hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM) of melamine type and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) of isocyanate type were used respectively as crosslinkers of high gloss and transparent FEVE layer on the PVDF coating layer. The evaluation of physical property and UV (UV-B) resistance was processed within ASTM standards. Urethane-reaction group using HDI showed relatively much better stability against UV (UV-B) than melamine reaction group of HMMM, while some physical and chemical resistances were found to be weaker. Also, in spite of the same melamine reaction group, the UV resistance was varied according to the ratio of HMMM cross-linker. From this study, it is expected to enhance weatherability as well as minimize the film deterioration from UV through optimizing crosslinking reaction in FEVE/PVDF double layer coating as a building exterior application.
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