This study was conducted to evaluate the improvement effects of bitter taste of doraji (Platycodon grandiflorum) with different freezing temperature conditions (-5°C, -10°C, -20°C, and -70°C). After freezing for 4 h, frozen doraji was thawed and dehydrated. Doraji frozen at -20°C showed higher contents of crude fat, crude protein, crude ash, crude fiber, and nitrogen free extract. Moisture, crude saponin, and total polyphenol contents of doraji frozen at -5°C were higher than in other samples. Weight loss of doraji was significantly different as freezing temperature decreased and the process repeated. Doraji frozen at -5°C showed higher contents of saponin and phenol than the control. Hardness of doraji increased as freezing temperature decreased. According to the preference test, Doraji frozen at -5°C showed higher preference and less bitter taste intensity than other samples. These results mean that doraji frozen at -5°C with less bitter taste could be utilized widely as a food material.
A comprehensive analysis of the population structure of the sandfish (Arctoscopus japonicas), the most abundant fishery resource in the East Sea of Korea, has not been carried out, despite its importance in Korea. The present study examined the genetic diversity and differences between five populations (two Japanese and three Korean populations) of A. japonicas captured in the East Sea using both the 401 bp sequence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA, cytochrome b) and five microsatellite DNA (msDNA) markers. The results of the analysis using the Cyt b sequence revealed 27 haplotypes. Based on msDNA variations, the estimated expected heterozygosity (HE) in each population ranged from 0.68 (Gampo, Korea) to 0.7765 (Erimo, Japan). Pairwise FST and AMOVA tests using both the Cyt b sequence and msDNA data pointed to significant differences between the Korean and Japanese populations (mtDNA; FST=0.2648, p<0.05, msDNA; FST=0.0814, p<0.05). These results were similar to the results of UPGMA, PCA, and structure analysis. In these analyses, the five populations were assigned to two groups (Korean populations and Japanese populations). These results shed light on the genetic diversity and relationships of A. japonicas and contribute to research on the evaluation, conservation, and utilization of Korean A. japonicas as genetic resources.
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