With worldwide industrialization, red tide events have been reported more frequently and their harm to humans has become increasingly severe. Although great efforts have been made to elucidate the ecology and biology of red tide
Over the last several decades, harmful algal blooms (HABs) have emerged as a global environmental problem because of their more frequent occurrence and because of the threat they pose to the health of humans and other organisms. Great efforts have been made to elucidate the ecological and biological features of red tide events, using approaches ranging from molecular and cell biology to large鄄scale field surveys, numerical modeling, and remote sensing from space. However, studies on the molecular mechanisms of red tides, including those involved in their decline phase, are still limited. Researchers believe that the decline phase of red tides represents a process of programmed cell death (PCD). PCD, which is controlled by multiple factors, is an active, gene鄄regulated process that has evolved in most organisms. Alexandrium catenella is an important causative dinoflagellate associated with HABs and paralytic shellfish poisoning. In this study, we determined physiological and biochemical indices of A. catanella including soluble protein content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, reduced glutathione (GSH) content, hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) content, photosynthetic rate, respiratory rate, DNA laddering, and telomerase activity. These biochemical analyses were conducted using cells of A. catenella collected after different periods of growth and under different growth conditions (i. e. , with different concentrations of nitrogen in the medium). There were differences in several parameters between the decline phase and the logarithmic phase. There was an increase in peroxidation in A. catenella during the decline phase and under low鄄 and high鄄nitrogen conditions. This was characterized by increased SOD activity (except under low鄄nitrogen growth
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