The forest ecosystem has a variety of natural and social service functions. It plays an important role in ecological security, biological species protection, conservation of the living environment, and realizing the sustainable development of economy and society. Based on the " Forest Ecosystem Services Assessment Standards
The Natural Forest Protection Program ( NFPP ) , which aims at protecting ecological resources and achieving sustainable forest management, has been implemented for 10 years in Northeast China. Under the program forest ecosystems in the region have been divided into three management areas-Key conservation, General conservation and Commercial forest. Each of these three types of forest land is subject to different management measures ( protecting or logging ) .Estimating carbon storage of forest vegetation in these areas is important both for understanding the capacity of forests in the Northeast region for carbon sequestration and as an aid to assessing the effectiveness of the NFPP in meeting its goals. To address this important need, this study selected five major forest types in the Northeast forest region-larch forest, birch forest, coniferous mixed forest, broadleaved mixed forest, coniferous and broadleaved mixed forest. Each forest type was divided into four age classes-young, mid鄄aged, premature and over mature forest. Tree biomass was calculated through
The alpine tundra ecosystems of Changbai Mountain provide a refuge for many types of plants. However, the area is ecologically fragile because of climate change and artificial disturbance. With the exception of a number of species listed in a provincial Red List, the conservation status of plants in this area is unknown. In the present study, we conducted a quantitative assessment to determine the extinction risk and conservation priorities for plants in the alpine tundra ecosystems of Changbai Mountain. Data regarding the current status of plants in this area were inferred from field surveys, market surveys, published literature studies, and consultations with experts. We established a quantitative evaluation system for addressing the endangered status and conservation urgency of plants in the alpine tundra ecosystems of Changbai Mountain, by modifying existing protocols and consulting with experts. Our assessment protocol included 12 indicators from three sub鄄 systems. The weights for each sub鄄system and each terminal indicator were determined by using the Delphi method and the analytic hierarchy process. We developed an indicator value assignment criterion to quantify differences among species. We based the indicator values for the evaluated species on available data regarding their current status and on published literature surveys. In addition, we developed regional endangered categories and criteria for threatened plants by consulting the IUCN Red List categories and criteria version 3.1; we assigned conservation priority criteria after consulting relevant published literature studies. We evaluated 94 species, among which three were classified as critically endangered, six were
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