Weeds are an essential biological component of farmland ecosystems. The maintenance of an appropriate amount of weeds plays a role in protecting the biological diversity of farmlands. Weeds affect crop yields by means of competition with crops for water, nutrients, light, and other natural resources and can also effectively change the farmland ecosystem structure and promote the cycling and energy flow of mineral elements and organic materials in the soil. The goal of weed management is to reduce the impact of weed growth on the crop yield and to inhibit hard鄄to鄄control weeds from becoming dominant, while simultaneously maintaining the diversity of the weed community which is controllable. At present, the comprehensive control of weeds through improving competitiveness of the crops has received growing attention; generally speaking, fertilizers and herbicides are the primary input for the farmland ecosystem. Fertilization can alter the natural succession process of the weed community in farmland by directly improving the yield and competitiveness of crops and changing the nutrient composition and the structure of soil. We studied the heterogeneity of the weed community diversity in wheat field in a rice鄄wheat rotation system after a 31鄄year long鄄term application of different organic or non鄄organic fertilizers, analyzed the effects of major nutrients on the characteristics of the weed, provided information on nutrient
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