This paper outlines the preparation methods and feasible applications of new nano-carbon materials; helical carbon nanoˆber (HCNF), carbon nanohorn (CNH), and carbon nanoballoon (CNB). The HCNF isˆbrilliform carbon materials with spiral and twisted shapes. The HCNF is divided into the groups of carbon nanocoil (CNC) and nanotwist (CNTw). They are synthesized by means of catalytic chemical vapor deposition (catalytic-CVD) with diŠerent catalysts. One of their applications isˆeld emitter for next-generation plat panel display. The CNH is a particulate-form material and is produced by the evaporation of graphite with a laser or an arc discharge. The one of possible applications is the catalyst-supported electrode for fuel cell. The CNB is synthesized from an arc soot (or called arc black) and also from a particular-type acetylene black by means of high-temperature treatment under inert gas. Its potential applications are mentioned.
SUMMARYA PV/solar heat/cogeneration system is assumed to be installed in a hotel. The system is operated with various operation methods: CO 2 minimum operation, fees minimum operation, seasonal operation, daytime operation, and heat demand following operation. Of these five operations, the former two are virtual operations that are operated with the dynamic programming method, and the latter three are actual operations. Computer simulation is implemented using hourly data of solar radiation intensity, atmospheric temperature, electric, cooling, heating, and hot water supply demands for one year, and the life-cycle CO 2 emission and the total cost are calculated for every operation. The calculation results show that the two virtual and the three actual operations reduce the life-cycle CO 2 emission by 21% and 13% compared with the conventional system, respectively. In regard to both the CO 2 emission and the cost, there is no significant difference between the two virtual operation methods or among the three actual operation methods.
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