Spiders are among the most abundant predators of insects and other invertebrates in agro鄄 and forest ecosystems, playing an important ecological role by regulating invertebrate populations. Biological control using spiders may represent a sustainable method of controlling agricultural pest species and reducing the amount of pest damage on crops. However, pesticide application on agricultural crops may directly or indirectly impact spider foraging in the crop. In particular, pesticides may have mutagenic effects on spiders, negatively affecting the spider population abundance and transferring these effects to the next generation. Recent studies have reported that low鄄dose pesticides kill pests, but promote the predation of natural enemies. Therefore, revealing the mechanism behind low鄄dose pesticides on natural enemies is critical to improving predator ability, exploring the potential control of insect predators and coordinating bio鄄 and chemical control.Our aim was to investigate the effect of low鄄dose pesticides on spider predation behavior and reveal the underlying mechanisms. Pardosa astrigera was treated with a low鄄dose of imidacloprid using the drug鄄film method. We determined the sensitivity of P. astrigera, the predation effect of P. astrigera on B. brassicae and the activity of acetylcholinesterase ( AChE) , glutathione S鄄transferase ( GSTs) , superoxide dismutase ( SOD) , catalase ( CAT) and midgut proteinase. The
Potential evapotranspiration (ET 0) , as an estimate of the evaporative demand of the atmosphere, it has been widely applied in irrigation management and predictions in ungauged basins. Analysis of ET 0 spatial and temporal variation is the basic research on the impact of climate change on water resources, and is also important to the optimal allocation of agricultural water resources. In recent years, change trends in ET 0 and its dominant factors across the different regions of the world have been studied by many researchers. Despite global warming,decreasing trends in ET 0 have been detected in several countries including United States,Russia, India, China, Australia and New Zealand. Decreasing sunshine duration, declining wind speed and increasing relative humidity have been considered to be the main causes for the decreasing ET 0 .
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