Ecosystems provide human multiple types of ecosystem services in the aspects of natural resources and living environment, and all these services are crucial foundation of sustainable social and economic development. However, between the understanding of ecosystem services and practice of management, there exist great challenges which contain: quantifying ecosystem services, relationships among multiple services, multi鄄scale correlation of services, combination of ecosystem services and policy design. In response to these challenges, researches of ecosystem services management in recent years have focused on fields as follow: quantitative estimate of ecosystem services, relationship between ecosystem services and human well鄄being, trade鄄offs among multiple ecosystem services, conservation planning of ecosystem services and mechanisms of payments for ecosystem services. With the goal to promote ecosystem services management practices, we should: further strengthen the theoretical research about provision of ecosystem services, develop more methods to display results of services research, carry out more interdisciplinary studies with sociology, economics, demography, search for practicable and reasonable approach to incorporating ecosystem services into decision鄄making.
Understanding the characteristics of spatial coupling of ecosystem services and human well鄄being is the premise to strengthen ecological system management and then conserve ecosystem services and improve human well鄄being. The research community, however, mainly focused on the conceptual framework and the large鄄scale description since United Nations released Millennium Ecosystem Assessment in 2005. This study use the ecosystem services assessment model InVEST ( Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs) to evaluate the special characteristics of water supply service, soil conservation service, water purification service, and provisioning ecosystem services. Specifically, we chose Miyun Reservoir watershed as a typical example, which is of vital importance to regulation of ecosystem services, to evaluate these characteristics such as such as food supply, the supply of livestock products, and the supply of vegetables at township scales in Miyun Reservoir watershed. Then we reveal the spatial characteristics of human wellbeing which utilize the per capita net income of farmers as proxy a indicator, and investigate different patterns of relationships between ecosystem service and human well鄄being. The results show that:
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