The effects of several irrigation strategies on vine water relations and the quality of table grapes, Vitis vinifera L. 'Muscat of Alexandria', were evaluated from veraison to harvest. The treatments included: (1) standard practice irrigation (control): re-irrigation when the soil moisture tension reached 15 kPa; (2) regulated deficit irrigation (RDI): re-irrigation 4 to 7 days after reaching a soil moisture tension of 15 kPa; (3) fixed partial rootzone drying (FPRD): one half of the root system was re-irrigated when the soil moisture tension reached 15 kPa; and (4) alternate partial root-zone drying (APRD): one half of the root system was re-irrigated when the soil moisture tension reached 15 kPa, and every week the irrigated half was switched. Treatments were continued for 7 weeks until harvest. During the experiment, RDI vines received 58% less irrigation water than the controls, while 33% less irrigation water was applied to FPRD and APRD vines. The results showed that only RDI vines had a significantly lower midday stem water potential compared with the control. Vines of FPRD and APRD treatments had the highest efficiency of water use (photosynthetic rate/stomatal conductance). At harvest, RDI fruit had markedly higher TSS, sugars, and amino acids, a similar acidity, and lower firmness and smaller size compared with the control. FPRD and APRD fruits had slightly higher TSS, sugars, and amino acids, a similar firmness and size, and lower acidity compared with the control. Aroma concentrations were high in RDI and FPRD fruits.
From a design point of view, external force value applied to structures knowing closely is one of very important problems. Measurement of Impact Load frequently uses the strain gauge, but there are cases that correct evaluation is difficult because of diffusing stress wave in strikers or targeting at transient phenomena. In these cases the mean evaluating its value based on mechanical information in specimens is valid. In this paper, we focused attention on Coherent Gradient Sensing (C.G.S.) fringe patterns near loading point when using C.G.S. method, developed the measuring method of load value by C.G.S. method and considered its adequacy.
A mutant peach (Prunus persica Batsch) cultivar 'Shimizu Hakuto RS', developed by radiation breeding, shows the same quality as the original cultivar, 'Shimizu Hakuto'. However, it shows poorer fruit set than the parent strains. The fruit set of this cultivar only reaches 20 to 30% of the total numbers of flower; whereas the original one reached 50 to 70%. As a result of morphological observation, the higher ratio of morphological abnormalities in pistils, slowing degeneration or incomplete development of the ovary and embryo sac, causes poor fruit set. Furthermore, the numbers of normal pollen per anther were smaller in 'Shimizu Hakuto RS' than in the parent strains. We suggest that this number reduces the probability of pollination and thus results in lower percentages of ovule fertilization. Nevertheless, the poor fruit set did not cause lower fruit productivity. We find it is a very labor-saving variety because the labor hours for flower or fruit thinning from March to May were remarkably reduced.
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