Anticoagulant rodent poison is the most widely used rodenticide during the rodent control and management in the world. However, resistance to the anticoagulants has greatly decreased the effeciency of the rodent poison. Rodents can obtain anticoagulant resistance via different molecular pathways. The vitamin K epoxide reductase complex, subunit 1 (Vkorc1) gene is the target of anticoagulant rodenticides, and amino acid changes in Vkorc1 often cause anticoagulant resistance in rats and mice. In addition, the cytochrome P450 genes, Calumin and other genes are also found to be associated with the anticoagulant resistance in rats and mice. This article gives a brief review about the current state of anticoagulant resistance in rats and mice, the genetic mechansim of resistance and the recent progress on the study of resistance mechanism in rats and mice.