Chlorpyrifos (CPF) was firstly included in sulfonated hydroxyethyl-β-cyclodextrin (SBECD) and carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin (CMCD) in an ethanol or 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) solvent. Inclusion complexes (CPF/SBECD and CPF/CMCD) were then intercalated into the galleries of ZnAl-layered double hydroxides (ZAL) to synthesize ZAL-SBECD-CPF and ZAL-CMCD-CPF intercalated materials. The structure and thermal stability of nanohybrids were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA). The results showed that both CPF/SBECD and CPF/SBECD were successfully intercalated in the interlayer. The samples prepared in the NMP solvent had a stronger diffraction peak intensity than those prepared with ethanol. The intercalated CPF molecules had a high thermal stability. Furthermore, the release behaviors of CPF from ZAL-SBECD-CPF and ZAL-CMCD-CPF nanohybrids were investigated and analyzed at pH 5.

Research on the hydrated structure of KCl and NaCl mixed solutions with a concentration range between 0 and 26% was conducted using X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy at 25°C. Their reduced structure functions, F(Q), and reduced pair distribution functions, G(r), obtained from X-ray diffraction indicate that compared with Na + , the hydration numbers and shell radii of the hydrated K + ions are larger. This explains why the solubility of NaCl is higher than that of KCl at 25°C. According to the Raman spectroscopy, the tetrahedral hydrogen bonds of water molecules will be destroyed with the increase in KCl concentration and the decrease in NaCl concentration. The extent of the bond destruction has systematic variations; for example, increasing at first and then decreasing. These results show that the destruction of the hydrogen bond structure resulting from Na + is more serious than from K +. Also, with the appropriate K + content in the NaCl solution, Na + will behave as a structure breaker instead of a structure maker, which enhances the destructiveness of the solution structure.

Graphene oxide (GO) composite membranes were fabricated via layer-by-layer (LBL) assembling poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) and a mixture of GO and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) on a poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) support membrane. The composite membranes and their application performance were characterized and evaluated. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) spectrum shows that GO was successfully synthesized by the modified Hummers method, and it was homogenously dispersed in the composite membranes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows the successful assembly of multiple polyelectrolyte PEI and a mixture of GO and PAA bilayers on the PAN support membrane. The ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrum indicates that the uniformity and continuity of the composite membrane were enhanced with the increasing number of assembled layers. The hydrophilic and selectivity tests reveals that the addition of GO decreased the water contact angle and enhanced the selectivity for monovalent cations of the multilayer polyelectrolyte composite membranes. All these advantages combine to fabricate a high-flux, high selectivity, and anti-fouling composite membrane for separation applications and water softening.