Sanggou Bay (122毅 24忆-122毅 35忆 E, 37毅 01忆-37毅 09忆 N) is a semi鄄enclosed bay on the north鄄east coast of Shandong Peninsula and is connected to the Yellow Sea in the west. It has a total area of 133. 33 km 2 and mean depth of 8 m. Due to its good natural environmental conditions, such as flat seafloor and high primary productivity, the bay has been used for aquaculture for over 40 years and has become the most important mariculture base in northern China. The main culture species have been seaweed and shellfish, including scallops, oysters and mussels, with an annual production of over 50,000 tonnes. Sanggou Bay has special aquaculture spatial layout with the distribution of shellfish, shellfish + kelp and kelp, respectively, from the bottom to the mouth.
community structure and its ecological responses to environmental changes in
Since the notion of ' health爷 was introduced to the field of ecosystem assessment in the late 1980s, ecosystem health has become a source of concern for scientists, environment managers and the public, and protecting this health is the new goal of ecosystem management. Ecosystem health is generally accepted in terms of ' system organization, resilience and vigor, as well as the absence of signs of ecosystem distresses忆, which also includes the presence of essential functions and key attributes that sustain the life of the system. A healthy ecosystem is defined as being ' stable and sustainable 爷 ; maintaining its organization and autonomy over time; and resilient to stress. Due to the complexity and diversity of ecosystems, various conceptual frameworks, methods and indicators have been put forth for assessing ecosystem status and environmental quality. Although more and more attention has been given to marine ecosystems of late, assessment studies of these systems are still in their infancy. The rapid development of extensive mariculture in China is placing pressures on marine ecosystems, which in turn affects the health and sustainability of mariculture development. The mariculture ecosystem is a special and complex system, which is under intense pressure by human activities. The main features of this ecosystem are simple biological community structures, dysfunctional material and energy recycling, and an easily degradable system. The ecological problems in mariculture ecosystems include the deterioration of water and sediment environment, increased eutrophication, damage of natural biological communities, and decreased biodiversity. The degraded habitats will subsequently impact the
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