The article considers the existing approaches to the management of environmental risks in agricultural production. It is noted that in order to minimize environmental risks in agrocenoses and improve environmental safety in agroecosystems, it is necessary to assess the consequences of the impact of agricultural activities on agrocenoses. Therefore, the purpose of the study is to summarize the main environmental risks in agrocenoses and determine levers of environmental risks managent to minimize their negative impact in agricultural production and improve the safety of agroecosystems. It is shown that in order to control the consequences of environmental risks, it is important to develop an algorithm for the process of managing environmental risks in agrocenoses throughout the crop cycle. The fundamental principles of this process include studying the main factors of environmental risks for growing crops and developing a list of environmental risks in agrocenoses; identification of the main levers of environmental risk management in agrocenoses, which include recommendations for the use of optimal measures in agricultural production to prevent or minimize environmental risks. The list of main environmental risks in agrocenoses is proposed, which summarizes the sources of their occurrence and the consequences for agrocenosis. The main environmental risks in agrocenoses include climate change, soil degradation, anthropogenic soil pollution, changing of the optimal ratio of land used in agriculture, unsatisfactory phytosanitary condition of crops. The main levers of environmental risk management in agrocenoses are identified and priority measures are given to prevent the negative consequences of the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on agrocenoses. It is noted that the development of new methodological approaches to the management of environmental risks will minimize their impact on agrocenoses and improve the safety of agroecosystems.
The article is devoted to the development of methodical approaches to the management of environmental risks due to pesticide contamination of agrocenoses. An assessment of ecological risks due to the use of pesticides was carried out at the scientific research field of the Skvirskaya research station of organic production of the IAP of the National Academy of Sciences during the growing seasons of 2019-2021. The methods of assessing the ecological risks of potential pesticide contamination of agrocenoses based on the indicators of the agroecotoxicological index (AETI) and the ecotoxic impact of harmful substances (E) were used on the natural environment. It was shown that the level of environmental risk due to the use of pesticides in the research field of the station according to the weighted average indices (AETI) is characterized as low -risk, and the environmental risk due to the pesticides using is minimal. According to indicators of ecotoxicity (E), the pesticides that were used are characterized as having a low potential ecotoxic risk of impact on agrocenoses of cultivated plants. However, the total pesticide ecotoxicological load (Σ Е = 0.425 compared to the standard E DDT = 1) indicates the possibility of disruption of ecological connectivities in the agroecosystem. One of the elements of environmental risk management can be the assessment of the pesticide load on agroecosystems and considering of the territory ability to self-clean. In order to minimize the environmental risks of pesticide contamination of agrocenoses, measures should be taken to regulate the use of chemical plant protection agents. This can be done by banning or limiting the use of pesticides that have a high level of ecotoxicity and are persistent in the soil. This will contribute to increasing the ecological safety of agro-ecosystems and the natural environment.
Інститут агроекології і природокористування НААН Дослідженнями Сквирської дослідної станції органічного виробництва ІАП НААН доведено можливість вирощування сої за органічними технологіями. Досліджено та визначено найперспективніші для органічного виробництва та насінництва сорти сої вітчизняної і зарубіжної селекції в умовах лісостепової зони України. Обґрунтовано оптимальні строки висіву насіння сої в умовах лісостепової зони України. Встановлено, що на інтенсивність забур'янення посівів впливали строки сівби та погодні умови. Доведено, що особливостями органічного насінництва сої є безпосереднє застосування органічних технологій обробітку ґрунту та використання стійких до ураження хворобами і шкідниками органічно сертифікованих сортів сої. Найперспективнішими для органічного виробництва та насінництва, зважаючи на відсутність ураження хворобами, високу конкурентну здатність щодо бур'янів та відносно високу врожайність, визнано сорти сої Лісабон, Кордоба, Кент. Ключові слова: соя, органічне виробництво, органічне насіння, сортовивчення, сертифікація.
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