Об'єктом дослiдження є монтморилонiт, який завдяки своїм властивостям i будовi проявляє високi сорбцiйнi характеристики. Однак суттєвою перешкодою його використання в промислових технологiях водоочищення є схильнiсть монтморилонiту самочинно диспергуватись в водних розчинах на елементарнi структурнi пакети i утворювати стiйкi зависi. Це призводить до виникнення складнощiв при роздiленнi твердої i рiдкої фаз пiсля проведення процесу сорбцiї. Авторами був використаний золь-гель метод синтезу нанокомпозитних матерiалiв на основi монтморилонiту з використанням тетраетоксисилану в якостi гелеутворюючої речовини. Синтез включає в себе реакцiю гiдролiзу тетраетоксисилану i наступною полiконденсацiєю молекул кремнекислоти з гiдроксильними групами монтморилонiту. Отриманi зразки поєднують в собi хорошi сорбцiйнi властивостi шаруватого мiнералу та мiцну каркасну структуру. Така структура синтезованих нанокомпозитiв забезпечується наявнiстю силоксанових зв'язкiв, якими елементарнi пакети монтморилонiту з'єднанi мiж собою. Це, в свою чергу, сприяє збiльшенню водостiйкостi експериментальних зразкiв. Згiдно з результатами реологiчних дослiджень, основнi процеси структуроутворення у вихiдних водно-спиртових суспензiях продуктiв гiдролiзу тетраетоксисилану та монтморилонiту вiдбуваються при концентрацiї кремнезему 1 %, що пов'язано з колоїдно-хiмiчними властивостями дослiджуваних систем. Обробка монтморилонiту продуктами гiдролiзу тетраетоксисилану приводить до утворення матерiалу з нижчою здатнiстю до набухання та кращим роздiленням рiдкої та твердої фаз. Оптимальний вмiст кремнезему у зразку, який знаходиться в iнтервалi 0,1-14 %, дає змогу зменшити оптичну густину розчинiв у 2,5 рази у порiвняннi з вихiдним монтморилонiтом. Синтезованi матерiали зберiгають достатньо високу сорбцiйну ємнiсть щодо вилучення катiонного барвника метиленового блакитного (до 158 мг/г), яка зростає при збiльшеннi вмiсту глинистого мiнералу. А також мають вищу селективнiсть (до 3,4 дм 3 /мг).
The object of research is the physical and chemical processes of forming the structure and properties of ceramic masses based on local low-melting clay raw materials of the Kyiv region of Ukraine by adjusting the chemical and mineralogical composition and technological regimes. Building ceramic materials are durable, ecological and natural. They provide increased comfort of buildings due to the creation of a favorable temperature and humidity climate of the premises. When using low-melting raw materials in production, there is a need to develop ways and methods to improve the quality of building ceramics. The efficiency of the manufacture of ceramic products largely depends on the processes that occur during drying. This is of crucial importance and affects the quality of finished products and accounts for 10–12 % of the total cost of finished products. Polymineral clay compositions with the addition of natural mineral raw materials are mainly used for the production of construction materials. For effective use of these materials, it is necessary to study their technological properties. Therefore, the question of researching masses based on low-melting clays with high sensitivity to drying, and the use of zeolite-containing mineral rock as an admixture is relevant. This will allow expanding the nomenclature of building ceramics products. Modern physico-chemical and physico-technological methods of research of raw materials and masses based on them during drying were used to solve the task of obtaining ceramic material from local raw materials with the use of a non-deficient natural additive of zeolite-containing rock as an admixture. The conducted studies indicate that the addition of zeolite-containing rock can be used to improve the drying properties of ceramic masses based on low-melting clays. Adding admixture of zeolite-containing rock also increased the compressive strength of finished products, which ensures defect-free transportation of products to other technological operations.
The object of the study is the physical and chemical processes of formation of the structure and properties, intensification of sintering of ceramic masses based on local raw materials (Krynichanska low-melting clay raw materials of the Kyiv region, Ukraine) by regulating the chemical and mineralogical composition and technological regimes. When choosing clay raw materials for specific ceramic technologies, it is necessary to be guided by a comprehensive assessment of the physicochemical properties of clay rock. These can be the granulometric and material composition, including the chemical and mineralogical composition of the clay and impurity components, the presence of amorphous material. The state of order in the structure of clay-forming minerals is also important, the knowledge of which makes it possible to determine the ways of regulating the basic technological properties of clay rock in order to bring them to the required level. Among physical and mechanical parameters, mechanical strength is one of the main criteria for determining the suitability of raw materials for the production of building ceramics. The conducted studies have shown that with an increase in the amount of rotten stone additive introduced from 10 to 20 % of low-melting clay, the mechanical strength of ceramic samples in compression and bending increases. The introduction of rotten stone additive provides an increase in the coefficient of sensitivity to drying low-melting clay raw materials, which has a positive effect on the crack resistance of raw bricks when drying clay rock in order to bring them to the required level. The use of silica materials in the composition of ceramic masses based on low-melting clays as an additive to improve the physical and mechanical characteristics of the finished product has shown its effectiveness. This can be explained by the fact that the nature of the interaction of silica additives, which was used as rotten stone, differs from the interaction of clay minerals present in ceramic raw materials with water. Since silica exists in rotten stone in the form of amorphous silica gel, it helps to improve the structure of clay, makes it monolithic, increasing mechanical strength. The impurities of low-melting oxides, which are part of the rotten stone, contribute to the formation of low-melting eutectic, reducing the refractoriness of amorphous silica and have a positive effect on the sintering process, forming a glass phase.
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