This article analyses the level of heavy metals (Zn, Mn, Fe, Pb, Co, Ni, Cd) and characteristics of their transportation through the water of minor rivers in Rivne region, Ukraine. The levels of Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co in the waters of these fisheries exceeded the maximum permissible concentration limit in different months. We found that the concentration of Pb and Cd did not exceed the permissible concentration limit in the waters of the fisheries during the year of research, while the level of other metals exceeded the permissible levels by 1.1 to 151.0 times. This research confirms that the surface waters of Rivne region are characterized by high concentrations of iron, manganese, zinc, and nickel. The level of iron exceeded the maximum permissible concentration limit by 1.1 to 5.0 times, the level of zinc by 1.5 to 15.0 times, that of manganese by1.3 to 6.7 times and the nickel level by 1.3 to 151.0 times in the fishery waters. In principle, the increase in the level of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co) is connected with the lithological composition of reservoirs in the water-collecting areas of the investigated rivers, and besides with the significant influence of the anthropogenic load (fuel combustion, aqueous wastes of factory units, agricultural effluent, etc.), and with the increase in aquatic vegetation, pH balance, temperature change and so on. The appearance of iron-manganese compounds can be explained by natural causes such as reformation of the source minerals into secondary minerals in the conditions of pH level recession in water, which causes the release of these molecular entities; leaching of iron from the iron-manganese septarian nodules, a substantial amount of which is contained in the illuvial horizon. The increase in the level of zinc and nickel in the river water is connected with the leaching of these elements from subsurface rocks, soil and forest leaf litter. Atmospheric condensation is a significant source of the presence of nickel in the surface water. For the investigated rivers, the most significant factors in the water's chemical composition are physiographic (foremost, the character of the soil cover, intensivity of erosion, extent of forest and swamp cover) and anthropogenous impact. In the rivers of Rivne region high concentrations of heavy metals are the consequence of the long-term aggradation of abiotic and biotic substances of the water ecosystem. There is a tendency for a reduction in the concentration of most metals in the abiotic substances of the water reservoir during the vegetative season and an increase after the end of this season. This research shows that the high level of contamination of the water of Rivne region's minor rivers by the investigated heavy metal components is caused primarily by anthropogenic factors.
The study deals with the evaluation of drinking water quality in rural settlements of Hoshcha (Rivne) district of Rivne region. It has been analyzed the concentration of biogenic (copper, zinc) and nonbiogenic (plumbum, cadmium) heavy metals in the water of the wells in the villages of Sadove, Zhalianka, Yuchyn and Tuchyn and artesian wells in the village of Tuchyn during 2012–2018. The research has given fundamental sources of underground waters pollution with heavy metals. It has been revealed that in the water of the wells Cu and Zn concentration does not increase maximum permissible concentrations during the whole period of research. The study demonstrates that water quality of the wells springs is not appropriate to the standard indicators according to the plumbum and cadmium. The authors point out the increasing of maximum permissible Pb concentrations in the wells of the villages of Sadove by 1.02–1.37 times (2012–2014, 2016, 2018) and the village of Tuchyn by 1.17–2.07 times (2012–2018). It has been stated that Cd concentration increases maximum permissible concentration in the wells of the villages of Sadove (by 1.6–3.8 times), Zhalianka (by 1.8–2.5 times), Yuchyn (by 1.3–2.7 times) and Tuchyn (by 1.8–4.5 times). Under the conditions of optimal concentrations biogenic heavy metals are necessary to provide life activities and functions of physiological processes of all organisms. However, continuous consuming of drinking water that is polluted with heavy metals negatively impacts on the organism and may cause acute and chronic diseases. Their impact depends on the concentration of the element, characteristics and intensity of its getting, absorption speed, retention and removal speed, and also human’s general state of health. In the village of Tuchyn according to cuprum, zinc, plumbum and cadmium concentration the water of artesian wells is appropriate to the permissible standards during 2012–2018 and is suitable for consumption and use. It is obviously that the use of deeper underground water horizons provides the inhabitants of the village of Tuchyn with qualitative drinking water. In the water of settlements wells where the increasing of standard Cd and Pb concentrations was observed it should be developed and implemented effective measures to develop the water quality.
The study deals with the algal flora of Lake Zasvitske (Rivne region, Ukraine). They belong to 8 divisions, 13 classes, 24 orders, 34 families and 51 genera. Totally 61 species of algae (62 intraspecies taxa) were identifiedhe. It was shown that Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Cyanobacteria and Streptophyta play the significant role in lake phytoplankton development. According to the population Shannon diversity index varies from 2.13 bit/spec. (October) to 3.89 bit/spec. (July), and according to biomass this index varies from 1.63 bit/spec. (June) tо 4.10 bit/spec. (July). In the lake phytoplankton poly-dominant structure prevails. In Lake Zasvitske the phytoplankton core is developed with planktonic-benthic and planktonic species, slow-flowing species according to water saturation with oxygen and rheophilicity, indifferent species in relation to the density, pH level of the environment and water temperature, mesoeutrophic ones and species with wide amplitude according to the trophic level. Eurysaprobes (according to the Watanabe system) and beta-mesosaprobionts (according to the Pantle-Buk system as modified by Sladechek are predominant among indicator species of organic water pollution.
Метою статті є оцінка вмісту нітратів у воді колодязів та артезіанських свердловин сільських населених пунктів, шляхів їх надходження і потенційні ризики для здоров’я населення внаслідок перевищення нормативних показників. Проаналізовано нітратне забруднення води колодязів с. Садове, с. Жалянка, с. Ючин, с. Тучин та артезіанських свердловин с. Тучин Гощанського (Рівненського) району Рівненської області впродовж 2012–2018 рр. Зафіксовано перевищення гранично допустимих концентрацій нітратів упродовж усього періоду дослідження у колодязях с. Садове (у 1,67–3,11 рази), с. Ючин (у 1,24–1,68 рази) та с. Тучин (у 3,06–4,06 рази), що свідчить про тривалий період забруднення водоносного горизонту. Показано, що вода колодязів с. Жалянка та артезіанських свердловин с. Тучин за вмістом нітратів відповідає встановленим нормам упродовж усього періоду дослідження і придатна до споживання та використання. За вмістом нітратів у воді колодязів населені пункти можна розмістити так: с. Тучин > с. Садове > с. Ючин > с. Жалянка. Визначено усереднені значення добової дози нітратів, що надходять із питною водою до організму дорослих (0,38–2,69 мг/(кг×добу)) та дітей (0,69–4,84 мг/(кг×добу)). Показано, що середньодобове надходження нітратів із питною водою до організму дитини вище, ніж у дорослих. в 1,8 рази. Розраховано коефіцієнти небезпеки впливу питної води колодязів з різним вмістом нітратів на організм, що варіюють в межах 0,20–1,81 (дорослі) та 0,36–3,26 (діти). Висновки. Рівень неканцерогенного ризику для здоров’я дорослих і дітей змінюється від низького рівня до високого та залежить від концентрацій нітратів у воді колодязів. Для зменшення забруднення питної води колодязів нітратами необхідно оптимально використовувати добрива та пестициди, обов’язково дотримуватися часових інтервалів їх внесення. Також важливо підтримувати технічний стан колодязів та щороку проводити очищення і знезараження відповідно до санітарних норм та правил.
The study concerns with the changes of heavy metals concentration in the water of human-made objects (ponds and canals of drainage system). It has been revealed the exceeding of maximum permissible norm of Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd in the ponds, and the exceeding of maximum permissible norm of Pb and Cd in the canals of drainage system during the continuous time that certifies their permanent getting in the soils and waters from point and diffuse sources. The paper analyzes basic sources of heavy metals getting in the waters and their positive and negative impact on the biota. In order to increase ecological value of water objects and resources of agricultural lands it has been offered to use fertilizers and pesticides in a rational way, move to electric car use gradually, arrange landfills in a proper way, standardize algicidal fertilization, use fish fauna representatives to regulate number and algae biomass, equip the bioplateau and implement phytoremediation technologies with the aim to remove heavy metals from the soils and waters.
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