In recent years, to enhance flaw detection efficiency when using ultrasonic testing, phased array probes are increasingly used. However, in many cases this can also be achieved by using scanning devices with conventional piezoelectric transducers, which is much cheaper. The purpose of the article is to analyze the design and operation of such scanning devices. The article provides brief information about ultrasonic testing main scanning schemes, describes scanners that have been developed and widely used to perform inspection of welds, base metal of pipes, railcar axles and wheels. It is shown that, for large dimension objects, scanners allow not only a significant increase in the scanning performance but also solve the testing problem in principle, and (for example, when testing railcar axles) change (make it easier and cheaper) manufacturing process, including inspection operations and wage wheels repair. As a result of analysis, conclusions are made about the efficiency of using, in specific and important practical tasks, scanning devices for ultrasonic testing of steel products of different sizes, which certainly does not deny the application perspectiveness of using phased array probes.
Options cardio demonstrate the instability of the distribution function f (x) for different time intervals of measurements Δt. We postulate that such systems can not be attributed to the traditional chaotic systems, as for them it is impossible to calculate the autocorrelation function, Lyapunov exponent, no mixing and performance properties of continuous state vector x (t) demonstrates the chaotic motion in the form dx / dt ≠ 0. Since the initial state x (t0) can not be repeated arbitrarily for such systems, there is the uncertainty of the 1st and the 2nd type. Entropy approach is proposed for describing the assessment of the behavior of cardio when changing climatic zones. Compares the value of the results of quasi-attractors samples cardio area and the values of the Shannon entropy. The examples of such a situation for the parameters of cardio groups of children at Ugra latitudinal displacements. It demonstrated that the entropy approach has a low diagnostic value in the evaluation of samples of cardio.
The article examines the main aspects of termination of land ownership rights due to land seizure for state and municipal needs. Analyzing law and judicial practice the author distinguishes problems appeared in legal precedents of land seizure. The article contains the commentary on several changes in the Land Code of the Russian Federation and formulates suggestions for improving legal regulations of termination of land ownership rights.
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