Изучение функциональной специализации полуша-рий и межполушарной асимметрии является предметом ис-следований в ряде нейронаук. Особый интерес представля-ет нейрокогнитивный подход, при использовании которого ставится задача описания структурно-функциональной ор-ганизации разных видов психической деятельности и вери-фикации ее психологической структуры и мозговой основы с помощью нейропсихологических и нейровизуализирую-щих методов [1]. Нейрокогнитивный подход, по словам Л. Сквайра, позволяет устанавливать важные связи между когнитивной психологией и неврологией [2].Для определения активности различных центров моз-га, отражающей переработку информации, используются электроэнцефалография (ЭЭГ) и различные нейровизуали-зирующие методы (функциональная магнитно-резонансная томография -фМРТ, позитронно-эмиссионная томо-графия -ПЭТ и др.), которые наряду с достоинствами име-ют определенные ограничения и недостатки, разные сте-пень сложности обслуживания и стоимость использования.Функциональная транскраниальная ультразвуковая допплерография (ФТКУЗДГ) -сравнительно недорогой, неинвазивный и безболезненный метод оценки скорости кровотока (СК). ФТКУЗДГ обеспечивает высокое времен-ное разрешение, гораздо более высокое, чем, например, фМРТ. При ее проведении пациент не должен оставаться неподвижным, наличие металлических имплантатов, татуи-ровок не влияет на результаты исследования, метод являет-ся щадящим для людей, страдающих клаустрофобией.
The research is devoted to the study of writing errors in patients with Broca’s aphasia performing the human-specific writing tasks. The object of the study is writing, the
subject – disorder of writing in Broca’s agraphia. The aim of the research was to identify the most specific types of errors in writing language, depending on the cultural and historical significance of the actualized functions of writing language in Broca’s aphasia. Used instruments include classical neuropsychological assessment as well as specially developed experimental tasks aimed at actualization of cultural-historical functions of writing (communicative, mnestic and regulatory functions). Nonparametric Chi-square Friedman and Wilcoxon T-criteria used for pairwise comparison of data and analtysis of the distribution of errors. The study involved 22 patients with organic brain damage due to ischemic stroke in the basin of the left middle cerebral artery. Shown that the most specific grammatical errors were syntactic errors such as breaking of the sentence boundaries, omissions of independent and functional words, disorders of concordance and execution. Diversity in the performance of writing tasks that are similar in neuropsychological component structure but differ in functional purposes are explained by the choice of different strategies of writing. However, the general pattern is the dominance of the semantic content of the text over its formal structuring, expressed in grammatical rules. The research confirms that when studying agraphia, it is important to consider both structural (speech act operations) and functional (cultural and historical specific) aspects of writing.
There are the preliminary results of the research of interhemispheric asymmetry of cerebral hemodynamics during the performance of auditory-verbal and visual memory tasks with the use of functional transcranial doppler ultrasound (fTCD). The fTCD is considered as a non-invasive and objective method for assessment the dominant hemisphere for verbal functions. The aim of two experiments was to analyze the effect of a) different types of verbal and nonverbal tasks and b) the conditions of the mnestic activity performance (memorize and recognize) on the changes of blood flow velocity in left and right hemispheres in 62 healthy subjects. There are preliminary results of possible application fTCD to identify the dominant hemisphere for speech functions with combination of concrete verbal cognitive tasks and condition of its presentation.
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