New approaches to the assessment of clinical anatomy of the parathyroid glands were developed. The obtained new data allow improving the quality of planning and carrying out operations on the thyroid and parathyroid glands, to reduce the risk of errors in diagnosis and intra-operative and post-operative complications. 220 corpses and 82 patients after surgery on the thyroid gland pathology were examined. In morphological material 4 or 5 of the parathyroid glands were found. Size parathyroid glands was 0,70x0,43x0,30 cm, volume - 0,0531+0,0016 cm3, and the total volume of parathyroid tissue in one case - 0,1903±0,0075 cm3. Maximum size parathyroid glands without pathologies are: 1,4x1,0x1,0 cm. On the basis of the ratio of integral indexes forms parathyroid glands were determined. The authors identified three periods of the postnatal development of human parathyroid glands: maximum growth (up to 35 years), the relative stability (36-65 years), involution (over 65 years). The revealed regularities topography are different for the «upper» of the parathyroid glands(parathyroid glands IV), located in the zones 2-3, 3 and 3-4 and to «lower» glands (parathyroid glands III) at the level of 1, 1-2, 2, 4, 5 or 5 zones. Five common variants of parathyroid glands different sizes and shapes in relation to the thyroid gland were identified. It was established that studied nosologic forms of diseases of the thyroid doesn´t affect the linear size and topography of the parathyroid glands in the frontal plane. New data on the clinical anatomy of the parathyroid glands allow to reduce the cases of intra-and postoperative complications in operations at the front of the neck.
The study was aimed at finding new structural features of the rear wall of the inguinal canal, the use of which allow to improving the prevention of inguinal hernias. The study involved 123 corpses of different sex and age. Anatomical and physiological nature of the valve mechanism inguinal canal, the peculiarities of the structure of the back wall in individuals of different sex and age were revealed; the various forms of inguinal gap were studied. Using cluster analysis of transverse fascia thickness abdominal length and height of the deep inguinal ring was one of three variants of the structure back wall of the inguinal canal: a strong, transient and weak. The technique of determining the location of the deep inguinal ring relative to the edge of the internal oblique abdominal muscles is offered. The use of this technique objectively reflects the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the inguinal canal as a whole. In interpreting the results of a valve mechanism of deep inguinal ring should be considered ineffective in the medial or medial edge of the boundary location of the deep inguinal ring relative to the internal oblique abdominal muscles. Functional and anatomical factors that contribute to the formation of inguinal hernias were identified. It is proved that the triangular shape of the inguinal gap causes a high risk of inguinal hernias. In both sexes the transverse abdominal fascia becomes thinner with age, and the deep inguinal ring increases in size. The obtained data will improve the effectiveness of preventive measures.
The purpose of this work is to study surgical anatomy in the patients with inguinal hernias of various kinds. Material. This work is performed on 41 corpses with inguinal hernias. Topographic and anatomical dissection of the inguinal canal with measurement of the linear parameters of anatomical structures, histological examination of specimens of the internal oblique abdominal muscles, the transverse fascia of the abdomen were carried out. Results. The authors have studied the structure of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal in the patients with oblique, direct, supravesical and inguinal-scrotal hernias. At persons with direct and supravesical inguinal hernias, a deformation is observed, mainly, in the medial inguinal fossa and supravesical fossa, showing great value inguinal gap, bland crescent aponeurosis, thinning of the transverse fascia of the abdomen. Increase of deep inguinal rings is observed in persons with oblique inguinal hernias. Dystrophy of abdominal muscles has always with inguinal hernias, and it is pronounced in the patients with inguinal-scrotal hernias. Conclusions. At surgical treatment of patients with direct inguinal hernias it is necessary to carry out correction of a posterior wall of the inguinal canal, in the patients with oblique inguinal hernias the anterior wall of the inguinal canal has to be surely restored. In the application of mesh materials in patients with large inguinal hernias, the results of treatment are doomed to fail, because the endoprosthesis only closes hernial wall that when failure of muscle function will clearly increase.
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