The article considers one of the causes of maternal mortality - uterine postpartum bleeding developing as a result of the placental growth into the uterus and surrounding organs. It is highlighted that the processes of trophoblast invasion during pregnancy and tumor progression have much in common. The article describes a significant role of Kiss1-gene and its receptor GPR54 in the placenta accreta development. The causes of placental abnormalities and conventional methods of treatment and surgical management in placenta accreta (controlled uterine balloon tamponade, uterine vessels ligation, uterine compression sutures, uterine artery embolization, internal iliac arteries ligation, temporary clamping or major uterine vessels ligation, hysterectomy, «Triple-P» method) are analyzed, the possible complications of these methods of treatment are listed. The developed at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology №1 of Kazan State Medical University examination algorithm when planning pregnancy, gestation management and organ-preserving method of delivery in pregnant women with abnormal placental attachment is presented. Used by authors methods of uterine scar examination after organ-preserving surgery or caesarean section in women in the non-pregnant state (hysterography, hysteroscopy, ultrasound scan, double-contrast study) and sonographic signs of scar failure (myometrial thinning in the scar area, irregular contour of the scar, discontinuous contours of the scar, significant number of hyperechoic inclusions, presence of non-vascular liquid formations in the scar area, triangle in the scar area) are listed. Interesting illustrative material is also presented.

Inflammatory complications are relatively frequent in the hierarchy of complications of hysteroscopy. The article describes two clinical case scenarios of hysteroscopic procedures complicated by pelvioperitonitis. The analysis of contemporary local and international literature is presented, and shows different attitude towards the antibiotic prophylaxis of inflammatory complications related to hysteroscopy. Taking into account that potential spread of infected material from the uterine cavity through the tubes into Douglas space plays role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory complications, it is advisable to consider the value of intra-uterine pressure as one of the main factors responsible for the development of inflammatory complications. It is also prudent to use the technique and values of in-office hysteroscopy to prevent tubal reflux and thus reduce the chance of infectious complications. The possibility of complete abandonment of antibiotic prophylaxis requires additional research and confirmation with clinical studies.

The review analyzes the data on pathogenesis, prevalence, pathomorphology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of ovarian stromal hyperthecosis. This condition is characterized by severe hyperandrogenism and impaired glucose tolerance, and it is mostly occurs in postmenopausal women. Main cause of androgenic hyperproduction in women of reproductive age - the polycystic ovary syndrome - is thoroughly studied; standards for diagnostics and treatment for such patients are developed. Little is known about stromal hyperthecosis, which is a more rare cause of hyperandrogenism that had been considered as a severe form of polycystic ovary syndrome. However, it became an independent nosological form after a detailed study of the pathomorphology. Currently, there are no generally accepted diagnostic criteria for stromal hyperthecosis. This is not only because the disease is rare, but also due to the difficulty of making the final diagnosis. Patients with stromal hyperthecosis are at high risk for developing malignancies - endometrial cancer or breast cancer. So, the need for further investigation and developing treatment approaches is undoubted. In majority of cases, the diagnosis of stromal hyperthecosis is set on histological examination of ovarian tissue from patients with idiopathic severe hyperandrogenism, infertility or cancer. The practicing obstetrician-gynecologist must be aware of this condition to suspect the ovarian stromal hyperthecosis when its typical clinical features manifest, to perform meticulous laboratory and instrumental investigation and to choose the correct management tactics for such patients.

Although hysteroscopy is considered a gold standard of diagnosis and treatment of different pathologies of uterine cavity and the postpartum period is not considered to be a contraindication to hysteroscopy, the study of the state of the uterus after delivery with the use of hysteroscopy is not common. We propose that hysteroscopy is a valuable diagnostic method in the postpartum period, potentially reducing the risk of postpartum complications. The article presents a brief literature review regarding the role of hysteroscopy in the diagnosis of uterine pathology in the postpartum period. The following effects of hysteroscopy on the postpartum uterus are observed: mechanical effect of fluid flow on the wall of the uterus increases contractility, provides washing out of the uterine cavity (blood clots, decidual tissue) and reduction of the number of bacteria (bactericidal effect of antiseptics). Indications for hysteroscopy in the postpartum period are presented. Hysteroscopic picture in the normal course of the postpartum period is described, as well as in such pathological conditions as uterine subinvolution, endometritis (after vaginal delivery and delivery by cesarean section) and placentation abnormalities. The technique of hysteroscopy in the postpartum period is described, which has some significant differences from traditional hysteroscopy. Photos of the uterine cavity one month after cesarean section are presented. Pathologies of the uterine cavity in the postpartum period are a subject that require further investigations not only by traditional non-invasive visualization techniques, but also by modern minimally invasive endoscopic technologies. Hysteroscopic visualization of the uterine cavity allows confirming the diagnosis and, if needed, accurately performing of the necessary intervention with minimal risk of intra- and postoperative complications.