The aim: To elucidate the possible involvement of M1 and M2 macrophages in the placentas of women, whose pregnancies were complicated by fetal growth restriction (FGR) and resulted in term births after 37 weeks of gestation and preterm births up to 37 weeks of gestation. Materials and methods: CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages were studied by immunohistochemical method, placental morphology in the placentas of 16 women whose pregnancies were complicated by FGR and resulted in term births at a gestational age after 37 weeks (1-st group, n = 7) or resulted in preterm births at a gestational age up to 37 weeks (2-nd group, n = 9). The control group consisted of 10 placentas of women with physiological pregnancies and births. Results: Women 2-nd group showed significantly low weight of the placenta, a short gestation period at the time of delivery, and a prolonged labor period than women of the control group (p <0.001; p <0.001; p <0.05, respectively). The level of CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages in the placentas of women 2-nd group was significantly higher than in woman 1-st group (p <0.001, p <0.001, respectively). A significant correlation was found between the expression level of CD68+ monocytes in the intervillous space and the weight of a newborn (r = – 0.765; p = 0.016) in women 2-nd group. Conclusions: These studies suggest that in the placentas of women whose pregnancies were complicated by FGR and resulted in preterm births, the increased activation of CD68+ macrophages of the pro-inflammatory pool may be associated with disorders of the vascular and stromal component of the villous chorion with the development of involutive and dystrophic changes. In general, this fact probably determines the progress of chronic placental insufficiency and aggravates the development of fetal growth restriction.
One of the new promising candidate genes defining productive qualities of sheep is MEF2B. Protein from the MEF2 group encoded by it affects the production of myostatin and the expression of the genes responsible for the growth of skeletal muscle fibers. Thus, the knowledge of the MEF2B gene structure is important for genomic selection. We have studied the structure of the MEF2B gene at sheep of Severokavkazskaya breed bred in Russia. To detect alleles we use NimbleGen sequencing technology by Roche (USA). As a result, it was revealed 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) at the given breed. The discovered SNPare located in not coding areas. From them 7 polymorphisms are in the area of 5? upstream gene in loci: c.-1713, c.-1319, c.-839, c.-321, c.-246, c.-161, c.-3; 6 polymorphisms are in introns, loci: c.55-51, c.258+312, c.258+380, c.259-52, c.452+95, c.452+103, 1 SNP is in 3? downstream gene, c.
Goat breeding is a traditional livestock industry for many regions of Russia. Due to unpretentiousness and high adaptive qualities, the Karachai, Dagestan wool and Dagestan down breeds are widespread in the North Caucasus. Moreover, their uniqueness is determined by sharing a common habitat with their wild relatives, West Caucasian and Dagestani turs, thus forming hybrid zones. The aim of the research was to study allele pool and interbreed differentiation of domestic goat breeds and wild relatives by microsatellites. Research was performed based on 16 loci on the ABI 3130xl analyzer. Population genetic characteristics were calculated in GenAlEx 6.5, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed in Populations 1.2.30 and SplitsTree 4.14.5. The sample collection included goat breeds (n = 226): Karachai (KRCH), Dagestan down (DAGD), Dagestan wool (DAGW) (North Caucasus), Soviet wool (SOVW) (Siberia), Orenburg (OREN) (South Ural), and wild goats (n = 72). Wild goats comprised mountain goats: Siberian goats (Capra sibirica) from the Altai, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and the Himalayas; bezoar goats (Capra aegagrus) from Turkey and Pakistan; and tur (Capra caucasica) from the West Caucasus (Kuban), Central Caucasus, and East Caucasus (Dagestan). The Karachai breed was characterized by the highest level of genetic diversity: the average number of alleles per locus (NA) and allelic richness (AR) were 9,154 and 7,713, respectively, while these indices varied from 6,538 to 7,538 and from 6,425 to 7,538 (Table 1) in other breeds, respectively. The values of genetic distances showed differentiation of Karachai, Dagestan down and Dagestan wool breeds from Orenburg and Soviet wool breeds (Table 2). The formation of three clusters was established. The first one included subspecies of the Caucasian tur, the second one comprised Siberian goats, and the third contained domestic goats. Bezoar goats were in the root of the third cluster that confirmed their participation as an ancestral form of domestic goats.
Cryopreservation of sperm opening up possibilities for improvement of breeding work due to the rational use of the valuable animals’ genetic potential became the basis for cryobanks of biomaterial, contributed to the widespread, the exchange of gene pool. However, AI with frozen-thawed semen is not widespread in sheep as it is in other domestic species. One reason for this is the low efficiency of frozen-thawed ram semen application. The aim of research was to study the fertilizing ability of frozen-thawed semen using intrauterine laparoscopic insemination. The experiments were carried out in Kazakhstan and Russian Federation. For intrauterine insemination by laparoscopy has been used frozen in straws semen of Polypay, Suffolk (courtesy of University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA), Hampshire, Dorset, Texel, the South African Meat Merino (represented by Animal Breeding Services LTD, New Zealand), and the North Caucasian breeds. During intracervical insemination by frozen semen, the fertility of ewes was 34.4%. When intrauterine insemination using a single detection of sheep on heat, fertilization ranged from 34.7 to 43.7 %, and when using detection of sheep on heat twice a day, fertility was 68.8%. The analysis of factors that can influence the performance of laparoscopic insemination with frozen-thawed semen is presented.
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