на территории россии в последние десятилетия туляремия проявляется спорадической заболеваемо-стью (от 50 до 150 случаев в год) и эпидемическими вспышками. динамика заболеваемости туляремией за [2006][2007][2008][2009][2010][2011][2012][2013][2014][2015][2016] на территории российской Федерации в 2016 г. зарегистрировано 123 случая инфицирования че-ловека Francisella tularensis, 90 % из них приходится на три федеральных округа: северо-западный, сибирский и центральный. эпизоотические проявления инфекции различной степени интенсивности выявлены в 56 регионах. значительное число больных туляремией наблюдалось в республике карелия, ненецком автономном округе, омской и рязанской областях, санкт-петербурге. обращают на себя внимание некоторые современные особенности проявления туляремии: неспецифичность клинических симптомов, особенно на ранних стадиях заболевания, их разнообразие возрастает при наблюдающих-ся в последнее время случаях микст-инфицирования возбудителями туляремии и других природно-очаговых инфекций. наиболее выраженными симптомами болезни являются лихорадка и лимфаденит; диагноз «туляремия» устанавливается в первые дни обращения за медицинской помощью у 40-45 % за-болевших. на основании анализа данных о заболеваемости людей, эпизоотологическом состоянии при-родных очагов туляремии, числе выделенных культур возбудителя, численности основных носителей и переносчиков, а также с учетом объемов вакцинопрофилактики в регионах определены территории, на которых наиболее вероятны эпидемические осложнения в 2017 г.Ключевые слова: туляремия, Francisella tularensis, природные очаги, эпидемическая ситуация, эпи-зоотическая ситуация. 123 cases of human infection with Francisella tularensis were registered in the territory of the Russian Federation in 2016. 90 % of the total number was reported by three Federal Districts: North-Western, Siberian, and Central ones. Epizootic manifestations of varying intensity were detected in 56 regions. A considerable number of tularemia cases were observed in the Republic of Karelia, Nenets Autonomous District, Omsk and Ryazan Regions, and in Saint-Petersburg. Conspicuous are some recent peculiarities of tularemia manifestations: non-specificity of clinical symptoms, especially at early stages of the disease, their increasing variability against the background of mixed infections with tularemia and other natural-focal infections agents. The most expressed symptoms are fever and lymphatic adenitis; the patients are diagnosed with tularemia during initial days of the sought treatment in 40-45 % of the cases. Based on the data on morbidity rates in humans, epizootiological condition of natural tularemia foci, the numbers of isolated cultures and incidence of the vectors and carriers of the agent, as well as taking into consideration the scope of preventive vaccination in the regions, identified were the territories in which epidemic complication are most likely to occur in 2017.
Within the frames of activities attributed to the Reference Center for tularemia monitoring at SRC AMB, genetically identified are 4 isolates of Francisella tularensis, isolated in 2011 in the Altai Territory. These bacteria prove to be virulent for BALB/c mice, DCL being lower than 10 CFU. Using single-primer PCR-typing and MLVA assay distinguished have been the subspecies of the isolates. Three of them refer to the Central Asian subspecies, one-to the Holarctic, the former being isolated in the territory of the Russian Federation for the first time ever.
Проанализированы данные эпизоотологического и эпидемиологического обследования очагов туляремии на территориях 85 субъектов Российской Федерации. О циркуляции и активности инфекции в регионах судили по сведениям о положительных находках при исследовании мелких млекопитающих, иксодовых клещей, комаров, слепней и других объектов внешней среды, полученных при помощи иммунологических и молекулярногенетических методов исследования, по данным о выделении культур возбудителя туляремии и заболеваемости людей. В 2015 г. в стране зарегистрирован 71 случай заболевания человека туляремией. Дана краткая характеристика активности природных очагов туляремии и эпидемической ситуации на территории Российской Федерации в 2015 г. Показаны субъекты Российской Федерации, в которых низкий объем вакцинопрофилактики. Представлена дифференциация территорий по риску заболевания инфекцией в 2016 г.
The review provides the data on the epidemic condition of tularemia foci in countries neighboring Russia and ongoing preventive measures in these territories. The highest tularemia incidence in the stated countries and in the world as a whole is observed in Finland. In 2019, 42 cases of human infection with tularemia pathogen were recorded in the territory of the Russian Federation, 85 % of which occur in three Federal Districts: North-Western, Central, and Siberian. Epizootic manifestations of infection of varying degrees of intensity were detected in 51 entities of the Federation. Against this background, sporadic cases of tularemia are registered in 17 regions of the country. The most severe epidemic complications continue in Karelia – 9 patients. Seventeen Francisella tularensis cultures were isolated from environmental objects in the Tver, Yaroslavl, Vologda Regions, in the Altai Territory and the Altai Republic. The paper gives an opinion on the regions in which epidemic complications of tularemia are most likely to occur in 2020.
Here we review the data on the global spread of tularemia — a natural focal, especially dangerous human and animal infection caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis. Strains of the most virulent F. tularensis subspecies tularensis circulate solely in the North America, whereas less virulent F. tularensis subspecies holarctica is found in Europe, Asia (Japan), North America, Australia (especially Tasmania). Isolates of this subspecies are isolated in territories of various climatic zones — from subarctic to subtropical, featured with diverse biocenoses in natural foci — from water to desert, with their unique hosts and carriers. Compared with the remaining subspecies of the tularemia causative agent, subspecies holarctica has a wide spread due to its ability to live in aquatic environment that markedly expands its distribution areas and shows higher ecological plasticity and stability. Infection of people by such causative agents occurs due to infected blood-sucking arthropods biting (mosquitoes, horseflies, ticks), intake of rodent-contaminated food and water, inhalation of air-dust aerosol bearing tularemia pathogen transmitted from sick rodents, as well as after direct contact with infected animals (hunting, pet care, carcass cutting). Different routes of the pathogen transmission in various countries are discussed. The peak prevalence of tularemia is observed in the North America (USA) and Europe (Sweden and Finland), as well as in Asia (Turkey). Since the mid-20th century, incidence rate of tularemia has been profoundly decreased in the Russian Federation and Kazakhstan due to preventing populations in tularemia-enzootic territories as well as those at risk of contact. In the last years, 31 European countries as well as Turkey and Japan have begun to conduct mandatory registration of tularemia cases due to an opportunity of using the pathogen for bioterrorism. The geographical distribution of the main tularemia microbe phylogenetic populations and subpopulations is demonstrated. The peak diversity of F. tularensis subsp. holarctica strains in a single country was registered in China. The major ecology- and epidemiology-related features of the tularemia causative agent are noted.
Objective of the study – assessment of epizootic and epidemic situation on tularemia in 2018 and forecasting the risk of infection in the territory of the Russian Federation in 2019. Analysis of epidemiological situation was carried out on the basis of the data from monitoring activities performed by the Rospotrebnadzor institutions and the data contained in the reports of the Irkutsk Research Anti-Plague Institute of Siberia and Far East, Plague Control Center, Federal Center of Hygiene and Epidemiology, as well as federal statistical survey forms No 5 “Information on preventive vaccination” and No 2 “Information on infectious and parasitic diseases” over the period of January-December 2018 in eight Federal Districts including 85 constituent entities. Given are the retrospective data on tularemia epidemic situation in the territory of the Russian Federation over the past decade. 1944 human tularemia cases were registered in Russia between 2009 and 2018, 1005 out of which occurred during epidemic outbreak in 2013 in Khanty-Manssiysk Autonomous Region. High sporadic and small cluster incidence was mainly observed in the territories of the North-estern and Siberian Federal Districts over the recent years. In 2018, 71 cases of human infection with tularemia agent were reported. Epizootic manifestations of varying degree of intensity were detected in 52 entities of Russia. Against that background, sporadic cases of human infection were registered in 19 regions of the country. For three years epidemic complications expressed to the maximum were observed in the Omsk Region – 18 cases of tularemia infection, and Karelia – 14 cases, respectively. 15 Francisella tularensis cultures were isolated from ambient environment objects in Pskov, Leningrad Regions, Altai Territory, Republics of Altai and Tuva. Conclusions have been drawn in relation to the regions where epidemic complications associated with tularemia are most likely to emerge in 2019.
Objective of the study was to carry out comparison between the microorganisms appurtenant to six different species of Bacilli genus as regards mobility of the amplicons obtained using the primer that contained chi-sequence of Bacillus subtilis. Therewith, analyzed were 30 Bacillus anthracis strains and closely related bacilli. Cultures grew on L-agar and L-broth at 37 °C. DNA was isolated from vegetative B. anthracis and Bacillus spp. cultures introducing lysozyme and phenol de-proteinizing. In order to perform single-primer PCR constructed was ChiBs primer -5'-CTAGGAGCGGG-3'. Single-primer amplification (30 cycles) was carried out at annealing temperature of 47 °C. Comparative analysis of individual electrophoretic amplicon profiles, obtained by means of ChiBsprimer PCR, allows for identification of genetic intraspecific variability and differentiation of B. anthracis strains from the atypical ones and closely related species of bacilli.
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