Chronic wounds do not progress through the wound healing process in a timely manner and are considered a burden for healthcare system; they are also the most common reason for decrease in patient quality of life. Traditional wound dressings e.g., bandages and gauzes, although highly absorbent and effective for dry to mild, exudating wounds, require regular application, which therefore can cause pain upon dressing change. In addition, they have poor adhesional properties and cannot provide enough drainage for the wound. In this regard, the normalization of the healing process in chronic wounds is an extremely urgent task of public health and requires the creation and implementation of affordable dressings for patients with chronic wounds. Modern wound dressings (WDs) are aimed to solve these issues. At the same time, hydrogels, unlike other types of modern WDs (foam, films, hydrocolloids), have positive degradation properties that makes them the perfect choice in applications where a targeted delivery of bioactive substances to the wound is required. This mini review is focused on different types of traditional and modern WDs with an emphasis on hydrogels. Advantages and disadvantages of traditional and modern WDs as well as their applicability to different chronic wounds are elucidated. Furthermore, an effectiveness comparison between hydrogel WDs and the some of the frequently used biotechnologies in the field of regenerative medicine (adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs), mesenchymal stem cells, conditioned media, platelet-rich plasma (PRP)) is provided.

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It is shown that polypeptides which are immunologically related to gp52 mammary tumor virus are found in T and B peripheral blood lymphocytes in all breast cancer patients, in children with B-cell lymphosarcomas, and in B lymphocytes of some healthy donors. These proteins are not found in patients with tumors of other sites. Key Words: mouse mammary tumor virus; human endogenous retrovirus; lymphocytesDuring the 1970s it was discovered that the successful transport of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), which is transmitted with the milk from the digestive tract to the mammary gland, depends on the functional integrity of the immune system: thymectomy in young mice of a highly carcinogenic strain resulted in a sharp decrease of breast cancer incidence [2]. The reason recently became clear after study of the MMTV superantigens, factors that are encoded on the open reading frame of the 3' long terminal repeat of the provirus sequence [5]. Being bound with CD4 § lymphocytes which bear receptors with a specific V-B-chain, superantigens stimulate them to proliferate and initiate cell death in the same lymphocyte subpopulation during its maturation in the thymus in mice carrying only endogenous MMTV.During the study of MMTV superantigens, the use of different mouse models established that the B lymphocyte is the primary target cell for this retrovirus gene product, gp52, plays a significant role in effective superantigen presentation. In this manner, MMTV was found not only to determine the functional integrity of the immune system, but also to use the lymphocyte pathway of circulation in the mouse organism.Human endogenous retrovirus, which has been studied in detail, is akin to MMTV according to a whole complex of morphological features, antigens to structural proteins, and homology of the nucleotide sequences [3]. Expression of a protein which is an immunological analog of gp52 correlates specifically with the presence of breast cancer in human beings.However, neither the role which the endogenous MMTV-related human retrovirus plays in ~u-mor incidence nor its other biological functions have been elucidated. The pathways of its circulation in the human organism are not yet clear. We speculated that the processes in man must be similar to the lymphocytic pathway of MMTV circulation in mice, and thus sought the presence of an antigen, which would be an immunological analog of the gp52 of MMTV in lysates of peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with tumors of different location and in healthy donors.

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